Systems and methods for immobilizing using waveform shaping
An apparatus produces contractions in skeletal muscles of a target to impede locomotion by an animal of human target. The apparatus is used with at least one electrode for conducting a current through the target. The apparatus may be implemented as an electronic disabling device. The apparatus includes two circuits. The first circuit includes a transformer and a first capacitor. The second capacitor and a secondary winding of the transformer. The second circuit is a series circuit with the electrode. In operation with the electrode, the transformer impresses a voltage on the electrode of greater magnitude than the first voltage, and the current is responsive to the first capacitor and discharge of the second capacitor.
1. An apparatus for producing contractions in skeletal muscles of a target to impede locomotion by the target, the apparatus for use with at least one provided electrode for conducting a current through the target, the apparatus comprising:
a first circuit comprising a transformer and a first capacitor, the first capacitor having a first voltage across the first capacitor; and
a series circuit during discharging of a second capacitor, the series circuit comprising the second capacitor and a secondary winding of the transformer; wherein
in operation with the electrode, the transformer impresses a voltage on the electrode of greater magnitude than the first voltage, the electrode is in series with the series circuit, and the current is responsive to discharge of the first capacitor and discharge of the second capacitor.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first capacitor has a capacity greater than a capacity of the second capacitor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first capacitor has a capacity of about 0.07 microfarads.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second capacitor has a capacity of about 0.01 microfarads.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a ratio of capacities of the first capacitor to the second capacitor is about 7.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the current comprises a pulse; and
a sum of energy stored on the first capacitor and energy stored on the second capacitor for release by discharging during the pulse is about 0.16 joules.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a first duration for discharging the first capacitor is less than a second duration for discharging the second capacitor.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the first duration is about 1.5 microseconds.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the second duration is about 50 microseconds.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first circuit further comprises a switch that is open during a first period and closed during a second period, wherein the first capacitor charges during the first period and discharges during the second period.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the first period ends in response to the first voltage reaching a predetermined magnitude.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the switch comprises a spark gap.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the series circuit further comprises a switch that is open during a first period and closed during a second period, wherein the second capacitor charges during the first period and discharges during the second period.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the first period ends in response to the first voltage reaching a predetermined magnitude.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the switch comprises a spark gap.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the first circuit further comprises a first spark gap having a first break-over voltage;
the series circuit further comprises a second spark gap having a second break-over voltage; and
the second break-over voltage is greater than the first break-over voltage.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 further for use with a second provided electrode, wherein the transformer further comprises a second secondary winding that in operation is coupled to the second electrode.