Highly functional, highly branched or hyperbranched polyesters, the production thereof and the use of the same
High-functionality highly branched or hyperbranched polyesters based on di-, tri- or polycarboxylic acids and di-, tri- or polyols, processes for preparing them, and their use.
1. A high functionality, highly branched or hyperbranched polyester produced by a process comprising an acid catalyzed reaction of:
(1) at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acid (A 2 ); and
(2) at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic diol (B 2 ); with
(3B) at least one aliphatic, clycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid (D y ) having three or more carboxylic acid groups; and
(4) in the absence of a functionalized building block (E); and
(5) an optional α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (F),
wherein the acid catalyzed reaction is carried out in the presence of at least one acidic catalyst, with the proviso that said acidic catalyst is not an enzyme,
wherein a molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to carboxylic acid groups is from 5:1 to 1:5,
wherein the polyester has a degree of branching of 10-99.9%,
wherein the polyester has a low degree of crosslinking of less than 15 wt. %, and
wherein the polyester has a number average molecular weight of at least 500 g/mol and a polydispersity index of 1.2-50.
2. A process for producing the high functionality, highly branched or hyperbranched polyester according to claim 1 , wherein said process comprises an acid catalyzed reaction of:
(1) at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acid (A 2 ); and
(2) at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic diol (B 2 ); with
(3B) at least one aliphatic, clycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid (D y ) having three or more carboxylic acid groups; and
(4) in the absence of a functionalized building block (E); and
(5) an optional α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (F),
wherein the acid catalyzed reaction is carried out in the presence of at least one acidic catalyst, with the proviso that the acidic catalyst is not an enzyme,
wherein a molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to carboxylic acid groups is from 5:1 to 1:5,
wherein the polyester has a degree of branching of 10-99.9%,
wherein the polyester has a low degree of crosslinking of less than 15 wt. %, and
wherein the polyester has a number average molecular weight of at least 500 g/mol and a polydispersity index of 1.2-50.
3. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the dicarboxylic acid (A 2 ) is one or more dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and monoalkyl or dialkyl esters thereof.
4. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the diol (B 2 ) is one or more diols selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,3-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane, 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and tripropylene glycol.
5. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polycarboxylic acid (D y ) is reacted with the dicarboxylic acid (A 2 ) and the diol (B 2 ), and wherein the polycarboxylic acid (D y ) is one or more polycarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of aconitic acid, 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, mellitic acid and low molecular weight polyacrylic acids.
6. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the α/β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (F) is reacted with the dicarboxylic acid (A 2 ) and the diol (B 2 ), and wherein the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (F) comprises from 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
7. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (F) is reacted with the dicarboxylic acid (A 2 ) and the diol (B 2 ), and wherein the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (F) is one or more α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, α-chloroacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid and glutaconic acid.
8. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the acidic catalyst is one or more acidic catalysts selected from the group consisting of an inorganic acidic catalyst, an organometallic acidic catalyst and an organic acidic catalyst, with the proviso that said organic acidic catalyst is not an enzyme.
9. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to carboxylic acid groups is from 4:1 to 1:4.
10. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to carboxylic acid groups is from 3:1 to 1:3.
11. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a number average molecular weight of 750-30,000 g/mol and a polydispersity index of 1.5-10.
12. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a sum of hydroxyl number and carboxylic acid number of up to 500 mg KOH/g as measure in accordance with part 2 of DIN 53240.
13. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a viscosity of not more than 100 Pa·s at 80° C. as measured in accordance with DIN EN 3219.
14. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a glass transition temperature (T g ) of from −40° C. to 100° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with ASTM 3418/82.
15. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a glass transition temperature (T g ) of from −40° C. to 60° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with ASTM 3418/82.
16. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a glass transition temperature (T g ) of at least 0° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with ASTM 3418/82.
17. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has 10-100 terminal and/or pendent functional groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups and/or carboxylic acid groups.
18. A product comprising the polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of a printing ink, a paint, a sealant, an adhesive material, a coating material, a covering material, a foam material, a thixotropic agent, a binder, a polyaddition building block and a polycondensation building block.
19. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a hydroxyl number of 78-333 mg KOH/g.
20. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the polyester has a hydroxyl number of 78-333 mg KOH/g.
21. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester has a sum of a hydroxyl number and an acid number of 500 mg KOH/g, wherein the hydroxyl number is 78-269 mg KOH/g.
22. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the polyester has a sum of a hydroxyl number and an acid number of 500 mg KOH/g, wherein the hydroxyl number is 78-269 mg KOH/g.
23. The polyester according to claim 1 , wherein the polyester is a non-gelatinous polyester.
24. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the polyester is a non-gelatinous polyester.