Modified Tissue Marking Pigment And Method For Modifying Tissue Marking Pigment

1 . A tissue marking pigment comprising a particle having a compound on its surface, which said compound reduces protein adsorption to the surface.

2 . The pigment according to claim 1 , wherein the compound is a water-soluble polymer.

3 . The pigment according to claim 2 , wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol, poly anhydride, polyethylene oxide or polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate.

4 . The pigment according to claim 3 , wherein the polymer is polyethylene glycol.

5 . The pigment according to claim 4 , wherein a molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is from greater than about 3,000 Daltons to about 30,000 Daltons.

6 . The pigment according to claim 5 , wherein the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is about 18,500 Daltons.

7 . The pigment according to claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the particle is less than about 5 μm.

8 . The pigment according to claim 7 , wherein the diameter of the particle is from about 1 μm to about 3 μm.

9 . The pigment according to claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the particle is greater than about 15 μm.

10 . The pigment according to claim 9 , wherein the diameter of the particle from about 20 μm to about 100 μm.

11 . The pigment according to claim 1 , wherein the compound is covalently or ionically bonded to the surface.

12 . The pigment according to claim 1 , wherein molecules that interact with specific receptors on a surface of tissue cells or organelles to either suppress or heighten the aggressiveness of an immune system reaction to the particle are on the surface of the particle.

13 . The pigment according to claim 12 , wherein the molecules are selected from the group consisting of integrins, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, tryptophan-arginine containing coating protein and any combination thereof.

14 . A tissue marking pigment comprising a particle having a compound on the surface, which said compound increases protein adsorption to the surface.

15 . The pigment according to claim 14 , wherein molecules that interact with specific receptors on a surface of tissue cells to either suppress or heighten aggressiveness of an immune system reaction to the particle are on the surface of the particle.

16 . The pigment according to claim 15 , wherein the molecules are selected from the group consisting of integrins, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide and any combination thereof.

17 . The pigment according to claim 14 , wherein the compound is covalently or ionically bonded to the surface.

18 . The pigment according to claim 14 , wherein the compound is a lipopolysaccharide.

19 . The pigment according to claim 18 , wherein the lipopolysaccharide is obtained from E. Coli or Porphyromonas gingivalis.

20 . The pigment according to claim 14 , wherein the compound is a cytokine.

21 . The pigment according to claim 20 , wherein the cytokine is TNF-α.

22 . The pigment according to claim 14 , wherein the compound is a leukotriene.

23 . The pigment according to claim 22 , wherein the leukotriene is LTB4.

24 . The pigment according to claim 14 , wherein a diameter of the particle is from about 5 μm to about 50 μm.

25 . A method for preparing a tissue marking pigment comprising the steps of:

providing the tissue marking pigment comprising a particle, which has a surface; and

placing a compound on the surface of the particle, which said compound reduces protein adsorption to the surface.

26 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the compound is coated on the surface of the particle.

27 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the compound is covalently or ionically bonded to the surface of the particle.

28 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the compound is a water-soluble polymer.

29 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the compound is polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide or polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate.

30 . The method according to claim 29 , wherein the polymer is polyethylene glycol.

31 . The method according to claim 30 , wherein a molecular weight of said polyethylene glycol is from about 3,000 Daltons to about 30,000 Daltons.

32 . The method according to claim 31 , wherein the molecular weight of said polyethylene glycol is about 1,500 Daltons.

33 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein a diameter of the particle is less than about 5 μm.

34 . The method according to claim 33 , wherein the diameter of the particle is from about 1 μm to about 3 μm.

35 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein a diameter of the particle is greater than about 15 μm.

36 . The method according to claim 35 , wherein the diameter of the particle is from about 20 μm to about 100 μm.

37 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein molecules that interact with specific receptors on a surface of tissue cells to either suppress or heighten aggressiveness of an immune system reaction to the particle are placed on the surface of the particle.

38 . The method according to claim 37 , wherein the molecules are selected from the group consisting of integrins, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide and any combination thereof.

39 . A method for preparing a tissue marking pigment comprising the steps of:

providing the tissue marking pigment comprising a particle, which has a surface; and

placing a compound on the surface of the particle, which said compound increases protein adsorption to the surface.

40 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein the compound is coated on the surface of the particle.

41 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein the compound is covalently or ionically bonded to the surface of the particle.

42 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein the compound is a lipopolysaccharide.

43 . The pigment according to claim 42 , wherein the lipopolysaccharide is obtained from E. Coli or Porphyromonas gingivalis.

44 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein the compound is a cytokine.

45 . The method according to claim 44 , wherein the cytokine is TNF-α.

46 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein the compound is a leukotriene.

47 . The method according to claim 46 , wherein the leukotriene is LTB4.

48 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein a diameter of the particle is from about 5 μm to about 50 μm.

49 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein molecules that interact with specific receptors on a surface of tissue cells to either suppress or heighten aggressiveness of an immune system reaction to the particle.

50 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein the molecules are selected from the group consisting of integrins, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide and any combination thereof.

51 . A tissue marking pigment comprising a particle having molecules on its surface, which said molecules interact with specific receptors on a surface of tissue cells to either suppress or heighten aggressiveness of an immune system reaction to the particle.

52 . The pigment according to claim 51 , wherein the molecules are selected from the group consisting of integrins, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide and any combination thereof.

53 . A tissue marking pigment comprising at least one particle having an outer surface, which comprises at least one projection, at least one recess, at least one indentation and/or at least one pore.

54 . The pigment according to claim 53 , wherein the outer surface has projections, which are spaced apart by and/or have a length of about 0.1 microns to about 100 microns.

55 . The pigment according to claim 53 , wherein the outer surface has said at least one pore with a diameter or minor axis of about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns.

56 . The pigment according to claim 53 , wherein the outer surface has indentations, which are spaced apart by and/or have a length of about 0.1 microns to about 100 microns.

57 . A tissue marking pigment comprising at least one particle having an edge with a curvature radius of about 0.1 to about 10 microns.