A system for varying a delay of an optical beam has a rotatable wheel and a set of one or more prisms mounted about a circumference of the rotatable wheel. The set of one or more prisms are positioned to retroreflect the optical beam that passes approximately tangent to the rotatable wheel to cause a delay or phase shift to the beam as the rotatable wheel rotates.
1. A device for varying a delay of an optical beam comprising:
a rotatable wheel;
a first set of one or more prisms mounted about a circumference of the rotatable wheel and positioned to retroreflect the optical beam that passes approximately tangent to the rotatable wheel to cause a delay or phase shift to the beam as the rotatable wheel rotates; and
a plane-surface mirror mounted stationary with respect to an axis of the rotatable wheel and aligned substantially normal to the beam that exits each of the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms to cause the exiting beam to return along a same path that it made on its first pass through each of the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms, resulting in a second pass through each of the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms.
2. The device of claim 1 further comprising an encoder attached to the rotating wheel to allow measurement of an angular position of the wheel and hence a prism's location of the first set of prisms along an optical beam path.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more prisms are corner cube prisms.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more prisms are porro prisms.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein a delayed returning beam that exits each of the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms after a delayed returning beam's second pass is separated from an overlapping, counter-propagating incoming beam.
6. The device of claim 1 further comprising an optical circulator to separate counter propagating beams.
7. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms are placed near the circumference of the wheel, each prism having its main surface or window angled between about 0° and 20° relative to the radius of the wheel.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein moving the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms causes an optical path length to increase or decrease.
9. The device of claim 1 wherein the diameter of the wheel is from less than about 1 inch to about 100 inches and the number of prisms is 1 to about 1000.
10. The device of claims 1 wherein the beam is a collimated electromagnetic radiation beam.
11. The device of claims 1 wherein a second beam is split off from a first beam prior to being delayed.
12. The device of claim 1 wherein two separate beams are introduced to the wheel, each beam accessing its own set of prisms on the wheel and thus encountering its own amount of delay for a given amount of wheel rotation.
13. The device of claim 12 wherein a net delay between the two beams accessing the two sets of prisms is the difference in delay times encountered by the two beams.
14. The device of claim 1 wherein a face of each of the one or more prisms of the first set of prisms is angled relative to the radius of the wheel is set to about 12° to maximize the duty cycle.
15. The device of claim 1 further comprising a controller implemented with a calibration routine to compensate for amplitude variations in the beam as the wheel rotates.
16. The device of claim 1 further comprising a controller implemented with a calibration routine to compensate for any nonlinear time delay that occurs as the wheel rotates, the calibration routine being referenced against a known time delay using a calibrated delay line to generate a look-up table, the calibration routine also compensating for rate of change in a size of a delay window.
17. The device of claim 1 further comprising a prism that intercepts an incoming beam to provide a fixed optical delay.
18. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more prisms are corner cube prisms, each prism having a diameter between about ½ and several inches.
19. The device of claim 1 wherein the wheel holding the one or more prisms generates fixed delay by remaining stationary at a fixed position.
20. The device of claim 1 wherein the wheel holding rotates from about 0 rpm to greater than 10,000 RPM.
21. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more prisms are held in place using UV curing adhesive that attaches a front of the prism to a slotted face of the wheel.
22. The device of claim 1 further comprising a controller implemented with a feedback process to correct for power fluctuations.
23. The device of claim 1 wherein the device is used in conjunction with a THz transmitter and a THz receiver, a bias applied to the THz transmitter or a gain of the THz receiver being modulated to compensate for fluctuating optical power.
24. The device of claim 1 further comprising a controller implemented with an algorithm to normalize a signal returned from the delay.