Catalysts
A method of manufacturing a cobalt catalyst is described, which comprises the steps of forming an aqueous solution of a cobalt amine complex, oxidising said solution such that the concentration of Co(III) in the oxidised solution is greater than the concentration of Co(III) in the un-oxidized solution, and then decomposing the cobalt amine complex by heating the solution to a temperature between 80 and 110° C. for sufficient time to allow an insoluble cobalt compound to precipitate out of the solution. A catalyst intermediate is also described which comprises a cobalt compound, comprising a Co(II)/Co(III) hydrotalcite phase and a CO 3 O 4 cobalt spine) phase, wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase: cobalt spine) phase is less than 0.6:1, said cobalt hydrotalcite phase and said cobalt spine) phase being measured by X-ray diffractometry.
1. A method of manufacturing a catalyst, comprising the steps of:
(i) forming an aqueous solution of a cobalt ammine carbonate complex at a pH in the range 7.5 to 12,
(ii) mixing the cobalt ammine complex solution with a solid catalyst support selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zirconia, titania, titania-coated silica, titania-coated alumina, zirconia-coated silica or zirconia-coated alumina prior to heating the solution,
(iii) oxidizing the solution of cobalt ammine complex by adding to the solution a solution of hydrogen peroxide or a hypochlorite sufficient to convert from 50-90% of the cobalt, calculated as moles of cobalt, from Co(II) to Co(III), and then
(iv) decomposing the cobalt ammine complex by heating the solution to a temperature between 80 and 110° C. for sufficient time to allow an insoluble cobalt compound to precipitate out of the solution,
(v) filtering the precipitated cobalt compound from the solution,
(vi) drying the precipitated cobalt compound at a temperature less than 160° C. to form a catalyst intermediate comprising a cobalt compound and said catalyst support, said cobalt compound comprising a Co(II)/Co(III) hydrotalcite phase and a Co 3 O 4 cobalt spinel phase, wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase: cobalt spinel phase is less than 0.6:1, said cobalt hydrotalcite phase and said cobalt spinel phase being measured by X-ray diffractometry, and
(vii) without calcining in air, reducing at least a part of the cobalt compound to metallic cobalt in a stream of hydrogen-containing gas.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution of a cobalt ammine complex is oxidised until the absorbance at λ max of the UV/visible spectrum occurring between 450 and 600 nm is greater than 35% of the absorbance at λ max of a fully oxidised solution.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the aqueous solution of a cobalt ammine complex is oxidised until the absorbance at λ max of the UV/visible spectrum occurring between 450 and 600 nm is greater than 60% of the absorbance at λ max of a fully oxidised solution.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the aqueous solution of a cobalt ammine complex is oxidised until the absorbance at λ max of the UV/visible spectrum occurring between 450 and 600 nm is greater than 90% of the absorbance at λ max of a fully oxidised solution.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the oxidised solution has a Redox potential of at least −200 mV.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the oxidised solution has a Redox potential of from −50 to −150 mV.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the catalyst contains from 3 to 85% by weight of total cobalt.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the support material is a powder or fabricated unit comprising alumina.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the alumina powder has a mean particle size, D 50 in the range 1 μm to 200 μm.
10. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the catalyst has a total cobalt content above 20% by weight and wherein the support is a gamma, theta or delta alumina.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase:cobalt spinel is less than 0.5:1.
12. A method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase:cobalt spinel is less than 0.3:1.
13. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of reducing the cobalt species to metallic cobalt in the stream of the hydrogen-containing gas occurs at a temperature in the range 200-600° C.
14. A catalyst intermediate comprising a cobalt compound and a catalyst support selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zirconia, titania, titania-coated silica, titania-coated alumina, zirconia-coated silica, and zirconia-coated alumina, said cobalt compound comprising a Co(II)/Co(III) hydrotalcite phase and a Co 3 O 4 cobalt spinel phase, wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase:cobalt spinel phase is less than 0.6:1, said cobalt hydrotalcite phase and said cobalt spinel phase being measured by X-ray diffractometry.
15. A catalyst intermediate as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase:cobalt spinel is less than 0.5:1.
16. A catalyst intermediate as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the ratio of cobalt hydrotalcite phase:cobalt spinel is less than 0.3:1.
17. A catalyst intermediate as claimed in claim 14 , which has been dried at a temperature not exceeding 160° C.
18. A catalyst consisting of a catalyst intermediate as claimed in claim 14 , which has been reduced in a hydrogen-containing gas to convert at least a part of said cobalt compound to metallic cobalt.