Homogenization and heat-treatment of cast metals
View Patent ↗A method of casting a metal ingot with a microstructure that facilitates further working, such as hot and cold rolling. The metal is cast in a direct chill casting mold, or the equivalent, that directs a spray of coolant liquid onto the outer surface of the ingot to achieve rapid cooling. The coolant is removed from the surface at a location where the emerging embryonic ingot is still not completely solid, such that the latent heat of solidification and the sensible heat of the molten core raises the temperature of the adjacent solid shell to a convergence temperature that is above a transition temperature for in-situ homogenization of the metal. A further conventional homogenization step is then not required. The invention also relates to the heat-treatment of such ingots prior to hot working.
1. A method of casting a metal ingot, comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying molten metal from at least one source to a region where the molten metal is peripherally confined, thereby providing the molten metal with a peripheral portion;
(b) cooling the peripheral portion of the metal, thereby forming an embryonic ingot having an external solid shell and an internal molten core;
(c) advancing the embryonic ingot in a direction of advancement away from the region where the molten metal is peripherally confined while supplying additional molten metal to said region, thereby extending the molten core contained within the solid shell beyond said region;
(d) cooling an outer surface of the embryonic ingot emerging from the region where the metal is peripherally confined by directing a supply of coolant liquid onto said outer surface; and
(e) removing an effective amount of the coolant liquid from the outer surface of the embryonic ingot at a location on the outer surface of the ingot where a cross section of the ingot perpendicular to the direction of advancement intersects a portion of said molten core such that internal heat from the molten core reheats the solid shell adjacent to the molten core after removing said effective amount of coolant, thereby causing temperatures of said core and shell to each approach a convergence temperature of 425° C. or higher for a period of time of at least 10 minutes.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said molten metal in step (a) is supplied to at least one inlet of a direct chill casting mold, said direct chill casting mold thereby defining said region where the molten metal is peripherally confined, and said embryonic ingot is advanced in step (c) from at least one outlet of said direct chill casting mold, with said location on said outer surface of said ingot where said effective amount of coolant liquid is removed in step (e) being spaced by a distance from said at least one outlet of the mold.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said molten metal is supplied from two or more sources, molten metal from each source being supplied to a different inlet of said mold.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein said distance is made such that said convergence temperature becomes 450° C. or higher.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein said distance is in the range of 2 to 6 inches.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein said distance is in the range of 2 to 4 inches.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said temperature of the outer surface of the embryonic ingot is reduced to less than 350° C. before said effective amount of said coolant liquid is removed.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said location on said outer surface of said ingot is chosen to cause the temperatures of the core and shell to remain at said convergence temperature above 425° C. for said period of time of at least 10 minutes that is effective to cause at least partial homogenization of the metal to occur.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said period of time of at least 10 minutes is effective for complete homogenization of the metal to occur.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said period of time is at least 15 minutes.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said period of time is at least 20 minutes.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said period of time is at least 30 minutes.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein, following said period of time or longer, said ingot is quenched by contact with further coolant liquid.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said ingot is at a temperature of 425° C. or above when contacted with said further coolant liquid.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coolant liquid comprises water.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coolant liquid is removed from the surface of the embryonic ingot by wiping said coolant liquid from said embryonic ingot at said location.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coolant liquid is removed from the surface of the embryonic ingot at said location by controlling a rate of supply of the coolant liquid to the outer surface of the ingot, thereby causing the coolant liquid to evaporate fully from the embryonic ingot at said location.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coolant liquid is removed from the surface of the embryonic ingot at said location by nucleate film boiling.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein a gas is added to said coolant liquid to enhance said nucleate film boiling.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coolant liquid is removed from the surface of the embryonic ingot by directing a jet of a gas against the coolant liquid at said location.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal supplied to said region is at least one an aluminum alloy.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said at least one aluminum alloy is a non-heat-treatable aluminum alloy.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein said at least one aluminum alloy is a heat-treatable aluminum alloy.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the aluminum alloy is an alloy selected from the group consisting of AA1000 series alloys, AA3000 series alloys, AA4000 series alloys, AA5000 series alloys.
25. The method of claim 23 , wherein the aluminum alloy is an alloy selected from the group consisting of AA2000 series alloys, AA6000 series alloys and AA7000 series alloys.
26. The method of claim 21 , wherein the aluminum alloy is an alloy of the AA8000 series.
27. The method of claim 21 , wherein the aluminum alloy is selected from the group consisting of AA3003, AA3104 and AA3004.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein, following said removing of coolant liquid, the embryonic ingot is cooled or allowed to cool to form a fully solidified cast ingot.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the fully solidified cast ingot is produced in a shape adapted for subsequent rolling.
30. The method of claim 2 , wherein the outer surface of the embryonic ingot is made non-circular in cross section by said casting mold, and said distance from said at least one outlet is made to vary at different points around said outer surface to create equal convergence temperatures around said outer surface of said ingot.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein variations of said distance around said outer surface are made proportional to the latent heat available in the liquid core adjacent said points.
32. A method of producing a metal sheet article, which comprises the following steps:
(a) producing a cast metal ingot by the method of claim 1 ; and
(b) hot-working the ingot to produce a worked article;
wherein the hot-working is carried out without homogenization of the solidified metal ingot between said ingot producing step (a) and said hot-working step (b).
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein said ingot is subjected to hot rolling in step (b), and said hot rolling is carried out at a temperature below an homogenization temperature of said metal of said ingot.
34. A method of casting a metal ingot, comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying molten metal from at least one source to a region where the molten metal is peripherally confined, thereby providing the molten metal with a peripheral portion;
(b) cooling the peripheral portion of the metal, thereby forming an embryonic ingot having an external solid shell and an internal molten core;
(c) advancing the embryonic ingot in a direction of advancement away from the region where the molten metal is peripherally confined while supplying additional molten metal to said region, thereby extending the molten core contained within the solid shell beyond said region;
(d) cooling an outer surface of the embryonic ingot emerging from the region where the metal is peripherally confined by directing a supply of coolant liquid onto said outer surface; and
(e) removing an effective amount of the coolant liquid from the outer surface of the embryonic ingot at a location on the outer surface of the ingot where a cross section of the ingot perpendicular to the direction of advancement intersects a portion of said molten core such that internal heat from the molten core reheats the solid shell adjacent to the molten core after removing said effective amount of coolant, thereby causing temperature of said outer surface of said shell to increase to a maximum rebound temperature before declining, said rebound temperature being 425° C. or higher for a period of time of at least 10 minutes.
35. A method of continuously or semi-continuously direct chill casting an ingot made of a castable metal, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a direct chill casting mold having one or more mold inlets and one or more mold outlets;
(b) supplying molten metal to at least one inlet of the casting mold;
(c) cooling the mold to solidify a peripheral portion of the metal, thereby forming an embryonic ingot having an external solid shell and an internal molten core;
(d) continuously advancing the embryonic ingot beyond at least one outlet of the mold, thereby extending the molten core contained within the solid shell beyond said at least one outlet of the mold;
(e) cooling the embryonic ingot emerging from the mold to continue the solidification thereof by directing a supply of coolant liquid onto an outer surface of the embryonic ingot;
(f) causing said coolant liquid to be removed by a wiper from the surface of the embryonic ingot at a position where the ingot has not yet been transformed into a fully solid ingot such that internal heat from the molten core reheats the solid shell adjacent to the core, thereby causing temperatures of said core and said shell to equilibrate at a convergence temperature, said coolant liquid being removed from said surface at a distance from said at least one mold outlet that causes said convergence temperature to become 425° C. or higher for a period of time of at least 10 minutes; and
(g) varying said position in step (f) in different phases of said casting of said ingot to minimize differences of said convergence temperature below said wiper during said different phases of casting.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein said position is moved closer to said mold during an initial phase of casting than in a subsequent phase.
37. The method of claim 35 , wherein said position is moved in relation to said mold during a final phase of casting.