Electrophotographic photoreceptor and manufacturing method thereof, process cartridge, and image forming device

1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:

a photosensitive layer including a charge transport layer, and a surface layer laminated on a conductive substrate in this order, the surface layer being located on or above the charge transport layer;

the photosensitive layer includes an organic substance; and

the surface layer comprises nitrogen, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ga and In, and hydrogen in a range of from 0.1 atomic % to 50 atomic %,

wherein a thickness of the surface layer is from about 0.01 μm to less than about 1 μm,

a center line average roughness (Ra) of a surface of the surface layer is about 0.1 μm or less, and

the surface layer further comprises oxygen and has a concentration distribution of oxygen that decreases from the outer surface of the surface layer toward the photosensitive layer side of the surface layer.

2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface of the surface layer is about 0.07 μm or less.

3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface of the surface layer is about 0.05 μm or less.

4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the surface layer is in a range of from about 0.03 μm to about 0.7 μm.

5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the surface layer is in a range of from about 0.05 μm to about 0.5 μm.

6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein a content of the nitrogen in the surface layer is about 60 atomic % or less.

7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein a content ratio of the nitrogen and the group 13 element in the surface layer is in a range of from about 1.0:0.2 to about 1.0:2.0 as a ratio (x:y) between a total number x of group 13 element atoms and a total number y of nitrogen atoms.

8. A process cartridge comprising:

an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a photosensitive layer that includes a charge transport layer, and a surface layer laminated on a conductive substrate in this order, the surface layer being located on or above the charge transport layer; and

at least one selected from the group consisting of an electrification device, a development device, a cleaning device, and an electricity removing device,

wherein the process cartridge is detachable from an image forming device main body,

the photosensitive layer includes an organic substance,

the surface layer comprises nitrogen, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ga and In, and hydrogen in a range of from 0.1 atomic % to 50 atomic %,

thickness of the surface layer is from about 0.01 μm to less than about 1 μm, and a center line average roughness (Ra) of a surface of the surface layer is about 0.1 μm or less, and

the surface layer further comprises oxygen and has a concentration distribution of oxygen that decreases from the outer surface of the surface layer toward the photosensitive layer side of the surface layer.

9. The process cartridge of claim 8 , wherein the center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface of the surface layer is about 0.07 μm or less.

10. The process cartridge of claim 8 , wherein the thickness of the surface layer is in a range of from about 0.03 μm to about 0.7 μm.

11. The process cartridge of claim 8 , wherein a content of the nitrogen in the surface layer is about 60 atomic % or less.

12. The process cartridge of claim 8 , wherein a content ratio of the nitrogen and the group 13 element in the surface layer is in a range of from about 1.0:0.2 to about 1.0:2.0 as a ratio (x:y) between a total number x of group 13 element atoms and a total number y of nitrogen atoms.

13. An image forming device comprising:

an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a photosensitive layer including a charge transport layer, and a surface layer laminated on a conductive substrate in this order, the surface layer being located on or above the charge transport layer;

an electrification device that electrifies a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor;

an exposure device that exposes the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor electrified by the electrification device to form an electrostatic latent image;

a development device that develops the electrostatic latent image by a developer containing a toner to form a toner image; and

a transfer device that transfers the toner image onto a recording medium,

wherein the photosensitive layer includes an organic substance,

the surface layer comprises nitrogen, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ga and In, and hydrogen in a range of from 0.1 atomic % to 50 atomic %,

a thickness of the surface layer is from about 0.1 μm to less than about 1 μm, and a center line average roughness (Ra) of a surface of the surface layer is about 0.1 μm or less, and

the surface layer further comprises oxygen and has a concentration distribution of oxygen that decreases from the outer surface of the surface layer toward the photosensitive layer side of the surface layer.

14. The image forming device of claim 13 , wherein a content of the nitrogen in the surface layer is about 60 atomic % or less.

15. The image forming device of claim 13 , wherein a content ratio of the nitrogen and the group 13 element in the surface layer is in a range of from about 1.0:0.2 to about 1.0:2.0 as a ratio (x:y) between a total number x of group 13 element atoms and a total number y of nitrogen atoms.

16. A method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising:

activating a gas in which nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are mixed; and then

reacting the activated gas and an organometallic compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ga and In, while a cylindrical substrate having a photosensitive layer, including a charge transport layer, thereon is rotated around an axis to form a surface layer on the charge transport layer within the photosensitive layer whose surface temperature is less than about 100° C.,

wherein the surface layer further comprises oxygen and has a concentration distribution of oxygen that decreases from the outer surface of the surface layer toward the photosensitive layer side of the surface layer.

17. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 16 , wherein a concentration of hydrogen gas in the gas including nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is in a range of from about 10% to about 95%.

18. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer comprises a dopant selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Sn, Be, Mg, Ca, Zn and Sr.

19. The process cartridge according to claim 8 , wherein the surface layer comprises a dopant selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Sn, Be, Mg, Ca, Zn and Sr.

20. The image forming device according to claim 13 , wherein the surface layer comprises a dopant selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Sn, Be, Mg, Ca, Zn and Sr.

21. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 16 , wherein the surface layer comprises a dopant selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Sn, Be, Mg, Ca, Zn and Sr.