Methods and apparatus for closing a layered tissue defect
Methods and apparatus for treatment of layered tissue defects having a majority of the surfaces of the defect layers in contact generally involve use of a catheter having at least one energy transmission member at its distal end. The distal end of the apparatus also typically has a force applying member which can apply a force to the tissue defect. Often this force is a lateral force or vacuum which helps the tissue to appose itself. An exemplary method of closing a patent foramen ovale (PFO) involves positioning a closure device between layers of the PFO. Energy is then applied to the layered tissue defect with the closure device so as to substantially close the tissue defect. The energy is often monopolar or bipolar radiofrequency energy. A force may also be applied by the closure device to the layered tissue defect so as to bring the layered tissue defect together.
1. A method for closing a layered tissue defect, the method comprising:
positioning a closure device between layers of the tissue defect without penetrating the layers, wherein a portion of the surfaces of the layers of the tissues of the defect are in contact; and
applying a lateral force to the layered tissue defect by expanding apart at least two members disposed on the closure device so as to bring the layered tissue defect together;
applying vacuum force to the layered tissue defect through vacuum apertures in the at least two members; and
applying energy to the layered tissue defect with the closure device so as to substantially close the defect.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the majority of the surfaces of the layers of the defect are in contact without any structure therein.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the layered tissue defect is a patent foramen ovale.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein applying energy comprises applying monopolar energy.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein applying energy comprises applying bipolar energy.
6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the energy is one of radiofrequency, cryogenic, resistive heat, direct heat, ultrasound, microwave and laser.