Water insoluble additive for improving conductivity of an ion exchange membrane
View Patent ↗A water insoluble additive for improving the performance of an ion-exchange membrane, such as in the context of the high temperature operation of electrochemical fuel cells. The insoluble additive comprises a metal oxide cross-linked matrix having proton conducting groups covalently attached to the matrix through linkers. In one embodiment, the metal is silicon and the cross-linked matrix is a siloxane cross-linked matrix containing silicon atoms cross-linked by multiple disiloxy bonds and having proton conducting groups covalently attached to the silicon atoms through alkanediyl linkers.
1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising an ion-exchange membrane which comprises an ionomer and a water insoluble additive, the water insoluble additive comprising a metal oxide cross-linked matrix having proton-conducting groups covalently attached to the metal atoms through linkers, and wherein the metal is silicon, titanium, zirconium, germanium, aluminum, tin, or a combination thereof, with the proviso that the proton-conducting groups are not all phosphonic acid groups.
2. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the proton conducting groups are hydrous proton conducting groups.
3. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the hydrous proton conducting groups are sulfonic acid groups.
4. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the proton conducting groups are anhydrous proton conducting groups.
5. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 4 wherein the anhydrous proton conducting groups are ionic liquids, phosphonic acid groups, or a combination thereof.
6. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the proton conducting groups comprise hydrous and anhydrous proton conducting groups, and wherein the water insoluble additives are in the form of a heterogeneous blend of connected hydrous domains and connected anhydrous domains.
7. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the metal is silicon and the cross-linked matrix is a siloxane cross-linked matrix.
8. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the linker is a divalent alkyl group.
9. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 8 wherein the divalent alkyl is a divalent straight chain C 1-4 alkyl.
10. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 9 wherein the divalent alkyl is —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —.
11. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the water insoluble additive is heterogeneously dispersed within the ion-exchange membrane.
12. A fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 .
13. A fuel cell stack comprising a fuel cell of claim 12 .