High current efficiency supercapacitor desalination devices and methods of making the same
View Patent ↗An electrode assembly is provided. The assembly includes a chargeable electrode configured to adsorb oppositely charged ions, where the electrode comprises a porous material. The assembly further includes an ion exchange material in contact with the porous material of the chargeable electrode, where the ion exchange material is similarly charged as the chargeable electrode, and where the ion exchange material is permeable to the oppositely charged ions and at least partially impermeable to the similarly charged ions.
1. An electrode assembly, comprising:
a chargeable electrode configured to adsorb oppositely charged ions, wherein the electrode comprises a porous material; and
an ion exchange material in contact with the porous material of the chargeable electrode, wherein the ion exchange material is similarly charged as the chargeable electrode, and wherein the ion exchange material is permeable to the oppositely charged ions and at least partially impermeable to similarly charged ions,
wherein the chargeable electrode is a negative electrode and wherein the ion exchange material is a cation exchange material configured to at least partially prevent anions from escaping from the pore volume of the electrode, and wherein the cation exchange material is configured to allow cations to pass through the ion exchange material.
2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises a layer disposed on a surface of the chargeable electrode.
3. The electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein a thickness of the layer is in a range from about 0.0001 mm to about 1 mm.
4. The electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein an electrical resistance of the layer is in a range from about 0.1 Ohm cm 2 to about 50 Ohm cm 2 .
5. The electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein the layer comprises a binder and a resin.
6. The electrode assembly of claim 5 , wherein the resin comprises Amberlite IR-120, Dowex 50, Diaion SK-IA, Amberlite IRA-400, Diaion SA-10A, or combinations thereof.
7. The electrode assembly of claim 5 , wherein the binder comprises poly tetra fluoro ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or any derivaties thereof.
8. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises a binder.
9. The electrode assembly of claim 8 , wherein the binder is at least partially disposed within the chargeable electrode.
10. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the ion exchange material is in a range from about 1 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of the total weight of an electrode material.
11. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises particles having a size in a range from about 0.1 microns to about 10 microns.
12. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the assembly is employed in a supercapacitor desalination device.
13. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein a current efficiency of the device is in a range from about 40 percent to about 99 percent.
14. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein no voltage is applied to the ion exchange material during the operation of the device.
15. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the cation exchange material comprises a product polymer of anionic monomers.
16. The electrode assembly of claim 15 , wherein the anionic monomer comprises anionic compound of a sulphonate, a phosphonate, a carboxylate, a borate, or combinations thereof.
17. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the cation exchange material comprises a sulphonate, a phosphonate, a carboxylate or a borate of a product polymer from non-ionic monomers, or combinations thereof.
18. The electrode assembly of claim 17 , wherein the non-ionic monomer comprises a monomer of a styrene, an acrylate, a methacrylate, a acrylamide, a vinyl pyridine, a vinylpyrrolidone, an epoxy, a siloxane, a urethane, or combinations thereof.
19. An electrode assembly, comprising:
a chargeable electrode configured to adsorb oppositely charged ions, wherein the electrode comprises a porous material; and
an ion exchange material in contact with the porous material of the chargeable electrode, wherein the ion exchange material is similarly charged as the chargeable electrode, and wherein the ion exchange material is permeable to the oppositely charged ions and at least partially impermeable to similarly charged ions,
wherein the chargeable electrode is a positive electrode and wherein the ion exchange material is an anion exchange material configured to at least partially prevent cations from escaping from the pore volume of the electrode, and wherein the anion exchange material is configured to allow anions to pass through the ion exchange material.
20. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the anion exchange material comprises cationic polymers.
21. The electrode assembly of claim 20 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises salts of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, or quarternary ammoniums, imidazoliums, guanidiniums, pyridiniums, or combinations thereof.
22. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the anion exchange material comprises the quarternized reaction product of a material containing tertiary amine groups.
23. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the anion exchange material comprises poly-dimethyl-aminoethyl-methacrylate.
24. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the anion exchange material comprises a conducting polymer material.
25. The electrode assembly of claim 24 , wherein the conducting polymer material comprises polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene, or combinations thereof.
26. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises a layer disposed on a surface of the chargeable electrode.
27. The electrode assembly of claim 26 , wherein a thickness of the layer is in a range from about 0.0001 mm to about 1 mm.
28. The electrode assembly of claim 26 , wherein an electrical resistance of the layer is in a range from about 0.1 Ohm cm 2 to about 50 Ohm cm 2 .
29. The electrode assembly of claim 26 , wherein the layer comprises a binder and a resin.
30. The electrode assembly of claim 29 , wherein the resin comprises Amberlite IR-120, Dowex 50, Diaion SK-IA, Amberlite IRA-400, Diaion SA-10A, or combinations thereof.
31. The electrode assembly of claim 29 , wherein the binder comprises poly tetra fluoro ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or any derivaties thereof.
32. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises a binder.
33. The electrode assembly of claim 32 , wherein the binder is at least partially disposed within the chargeable electrode.
34. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the amount of the ion exchange material is in a range from about 1 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of the total weight of an electrode material.
35. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises particles having a size in a range from about 0.1 microns to about 10 microns.
36. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein the assembly is employed in a supercapacitor desalination device.
37. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein a current efficiency of the device is in a range from about 40 percent to about 99 percent.
38. The electrode assembly of claim 19 , wherein no voltage is applied to the ion exchange material during the operation of the device.