Dual-Gated Qkd System for Wdm Networks
Systems and methods of incorporating a QKD system (Q) into a WDM network ( 2 ) are disclosed. The methods include electrically gating the single-photon detectors (SPDs) ( 30, 30 ′) as well as optically gating the SPDs with optical gates ( 28, 28 ′). The electronic gating width (TSPD) and the optical gating width (TOG) are selected to significantly reduce noise from scattered photons. The combined optical and electronic gating of the SPDs provides for Fourier-transform-limited detection of the quantum signal (SQ) that is not otherwise possible in a WDM-QKD system that employs only electronic SPD gating.
1 . A method of reducing an amount of detected noise in a QKD system having one or more single-photon detectors (SPDs) adapted to detect a quantum signal having a quantum signal width, comprising:
electronically gating each SPD with a first gating signal that provides each SPD with a gating window having a first width centered on an expected arrival time of the quantum signal;
optically gating each SPD with an optical gate adapted to receive a second gating signal that provides the optical gate with a gating window having a second width centered on the expected arrival time of the quantum signal; and
wherein the first width is greater than the second width.
2 . The method of claim 1 , including selecting the first width to limit inherent electronic noise in the SPD.
3 . The method of claim 2 , including selecting the second width to limit an amount of scattered photons from being detected by each SPD while increasing the amount of quantum signals detected by each SPD.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second width is about the same as the quantum signal width.
5 . The method of claim 1 , including optically coupling each SPD to a separate optical gate.
6 . A method of generating an encryption key, comprising:
generating and sending a plurality of quantum signals of a first wavelength between first and second QKD stations over a WDM network adapted to transmit multiple wavelengths including the first wavelength;
selectively randomly modulating each quantum signal at each QKD station; and
recording the respective modulations of said plurality of modulated quantum signals as a function of time using one or more single-photon detectors (SPDs), wherein said recording includes optically and electronically gating the one or more SPDs to limit an amount of scattered photons generated in the WDM network from being detected in the one or more SPDs as optical noise while limiting an amount of electronic noise in the one or more SPDs.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein said modulating includes phase modulating.
8 . A method of detecting encoded quantum signals in a QKD system with one or more single-photon detectors (SPDs), comprising:
electronically gating each SPD with a first gating width; and
optical gating each SPD with a second gating width that is less than the first gating width.
9 . A QKD system comprising:
a first QKD station adapted to generate a selectively randomly modulated quantum signal having a first wavelength and send it to a second QKD station over a WDM network adapted to transmit optical signals of different wavelengths including the first wavelength;
a second QKD station adapted to receive the modulated quantum signal and selectively randomly modulate the modulated quantum signal to form an encoded quantum signal;
one or more single-photon detectors (SPDs) in the second QKD station that are adapted to detect the encoded quantum signal and that are electronically gated with a first gating window to limit electronic noise when detecting the encoded quantum signal; and
one or more optical gates optically coupled to the one or more SPDs, wherein each optical gate is gated to correspond to an expected arrival time of the encoded quantum signal, and having a second gating window sized to limit an amount of scattered light from reaching the one or more SPDs.
10 . The system of claim 9 , wherein the second gating window associated with each optical gate is narrower than the first gating window associated with each SPD.
11 . The system of claim 9 , wherein the second gating window associated with each optical gate has a width substantially the same as a width of the encoded quantum signal.
12 . The system of claim 9 , including a single optical gate operably coupled to each of the one or more SPDs.
13 . A QKD station adapted to detect an encoded quantum signal, comprising:
one or more single-photon detectors (SPDs);
one or more optical gates optically coupled to the one or more SPDs; and
a controller operably coupled to each SPD and each optical gate, the controller adapted to provide a first gating signal of a first width to each SPD and a second gating signal of a second width to each optical gate; and
wherein the second width is less than the first width.
14 . The QKD station of claim 13 , including a single optical gate Optically coupled to each of the one or more SPDs.