Process for making a copolymer by copolymerising (1) ethylene with (2) at least one comonomer selected from aliphatic C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefins and (3) 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, including contacting the monomer with a catalyst comprising a transition metal compound having the following Formula A, and an activating quantity of a suitable activator of the formula shown herein, wherein Z comprises a five-membered heterocyclic group, the five membered heterocyclic group containing at least one carbon atom, at least one nitrogen atom and at least one other hetero atom selected from nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, the remaining atoms in the ring being selected from nitrogen and carbon; M is a metal from Group 3 to 11 of the Periodic Table or a lanthanide metal; E 1 and E 2 are divalent groups independently selected from (i) aliphatic, hydrocarbon, (ii) alicyclic hydrocarbon, (iii) aromatic hydrocarbon, (iv) alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, (v) heterocyclic groups and (vi) heterosubstituted derivatives of said groups (i) to (v); D 1 and D 2 are donor atoms or groups; X is an anionic group, L is a neutral donor group; n=m=zero or 1; y and z are independently zero or integers such that the number of X and L groups satisfy the valency and oxidation state of the metal M.
1. A process for making a copolymer comprising copolymerising (1) ethylene with (2) at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic C 3 —C 20 alpha-olefins and (3) 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, comprising contacting the monomer with a catalyst comprising:
(a) a transition metal compound having the following Formula A, and
(b) an activating quantity of a suitable activator,
wherein Z comprises a five-membered heterocyclic group, the five membered heterocyclic group containing at least one carbon atom, at least one nitrogen atom and at least one other hetero atom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, the remaining atoms in said ring being selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and carbon; M is a metal from Group 3 to 11 of the Periodic Table or a lanthanide metal; E 1 and E 2 are divalent groups independently selected from the group consisting of (i) aliphatic hydrocarbon, (ii) alicyclic hydrocarbon, (iii) aromatic hydrocarbon, (iv) alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, (v) heterocyclic groups and (vi) heterosubstituted derivatives of said groups (i) to (v); D 1 and D 2 are donor atoms or groups; X is an anionic group, L is a neutral donor group; n=m=zero or 1; y and z are independently zero or integers such that the number of X and L groups satisfy the valency and oxidation state of the metal M.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the produced copolymer comprises 30 to 85 weight percent of copolymerised ethylene units; 14 to 70 weight percent of copolymerised units of the at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefins; and 0.1 to 20 weight percent of copolymerised units of 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein the aliphatic C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefin is selected from the group consisting of propene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-eicosene, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propene (allyl-cyclohexane) and vinyl-cyclohexane.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the copolymer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene/propylene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene and ethylene/1-octene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the copolymer includes 0.05-0.5 percent by weight of a long chain branch enhancer selected from the group consisting of 2,5-norbornadiene, diallylbenzene, 1,7-octadiene, and 1,9-decadiene.
6. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the divalent groups E1 and E2 are not linked other than through the donor atom or group D1.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises:
(a) a transition metal compound of the recited Formula A, and
(b) an activating quantity of a suitable activator,
wherein Z is an imidazole-containing group; M is a metal from Group 3 to 11 of the Periodic Table or a lanthanide metal; E 1 and E 2 are divalent groups independently selected from the group consisting of (i) aliphatic hydrocarbon, (ii) alicyclic hydrocarbon, (iii) aromatic hydrocarbon, (iv) alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, (v) heterocyclic groups and (vi) heterosubstituted derivatives of said groups (i) to (v); D 1 and D 2 are donor groups; X is an anionic group, L is a neutral donor group; n=m=zero or 1; y and z are independently zero or integers such that the number of X and L groups satisfy the valency and oxidation state of the metal M.
8. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the catalyst comprises (a) a transition metal compound having the following Formula B or C,
wherein the imidazole nucleus shown within the dotted circle is selected from the group consisting of divalent groups represented by the Formulae Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa, Va and VIa,
wherein M is a metal from Group 3 to 11 of the Periodic Table or a lanthanide metal; E 1 and E 2 are divalent groups independently selected from the group consisting of (i) aliphatic hydrocarbon, (ii) alicyclic hydrocarbon, (iii) aromatic hydrocarbon, (iv) alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, (v) heterocyclic groups and (vi) heterosubstituted derivatives of said groups (i) to (v); D 1 and D 2 are donor groups; X is an anionic group, L is a neutral donor group; n=m=zero or 1; y and z are independently zero or integers such that the number of X and L groups satisfy the valency and oxidation state of the metal M, wherein the groups R 2 to R 11 are independently hydrogen or a monovalent (i) aliphatic hydrocarbon, (ii) alicyclic hydrocarbon, (iii) aromatic hydrocarbon, (iv) alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, (v) heterocyclic groups, (vi) heterosubstituted derivatives of said groups (i) to (v), and (vii) hydrocarbyl-substituted heteroatom groups.
9. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein Z comprises a five-membered heterocyclic group, the five membered heterocyclic group containing at least one carbon atom, at least one nitrogen atom and at least one other hetero atom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, the remaining atoms in said ring being selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and carbon; M is a metal from Group 3 to 7 of the Periodic Table or a lanthanide metal; E 1 and E 2 are divalent groups independently selected from the group consisting of (i) aliphatic hydrocarbon, (ii) alicyclic hydrocarbon, (iii) aromatic hydrocarbon, (iv) alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, (v) heterocyclic groups and (vi) heterosubstituted derivatives of said groups (i) to (v); D 1 and D 2 are donor atoms or groups; the divalent groups E 1 and E 2 are not linked other than through the donor atom or group D 1 ; X is an anionic group, L is a neutral donor group; n=m=zero or 1; y and z are independently zero or integers such that the number of X and L groups satisfy the valency and oxidation state of the metal M.
10. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the group Z is an imidazole-containing group.
11. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the activator (b) is selected from the group consisting of organoaluminium compounds, organoboron compounds and mixtures thereof.
12. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the activator is a catalyst-activating support which is a solid particulate substance, insoluble in hydrocarbons, comprising at least magnesium and aluminium atoms and hydrocarbyloxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons atoms.
13. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the activator is selected from the group consisting of trimethylaluminium, triethylaluminium, tributylaluminium, tri-n-octylaluminium, ethylaluminium dichloride, diethylaluminium chloride, tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminium, alumoxanes, dimethylphenylammoniumtetra(phenyl)borate, trityltetra(phenyl)borate, triphenylboron, dimethylphenylammonium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis[(bis-3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, H + (OEt 2 )[(bis-3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, trityltetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate and tris(pentafluorophenyl) boron.
14. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the catalyst is vanadium-based and activated with an organoaluminium compound and wherein a halogenated organic compound catalyst promoter is used.
15. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein in addition to the one or more defined transition metal catalysts the catalyst comprises an additional catalyst suitable for polymerising 1-olefins.
16. A process as claimed claim 15 wherein the additional catalyst is selected from the group consisting of conventional Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems, metallocene-based catalysts, and heat activated supported chromium oxide catalysts.
17. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the polymerisation conditions are bulk phase, solution phase, slurry phase or gas phase.
18. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the catalyst is supported on a support material prior to its introduction into the polymerisation zone.
19. A process as claimed in claim 18 wherein the support material is selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, talc, kieselguhr, magnesia, magnesium chloride and polymers.