Membrane electrode assembly having an adhesive layer impregnating through an electrocatalyst layer and into a first gas diffusion substrate

1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:

an ion-conducting membrane having first and second surfaces;

a first electrocatalyst layer having first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface of the first electrocatalyst layer faces the first surface of the membrane, and wherein the first surface of the first electrocatalyst layer has an edge region and a central region;

a first electronically-conducting porous gas diffusion substrate having first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface of the first substrate faces the second surface of the first electrocatalyst layer; and

a first film member interposed between the first surface of the membrane and the first surface of the first electrocatalyst layer, such that the first film member contacts the edge region and not the central region of the first surface of the first electrocatalyst layer,

a first adhesive layer present on a surface of the first film member facing the first electrocatalyst layer,

wherein: (1) the first adhesive layer adheres the first film member to the first electrocatalyst layer, impregnates through the first electrocatalyst layer and impregnates into the first gas diffusion substrates; (2) the first electrocatalyst layer overlaps the first film member such that the first film member is interposed between the ion conducting membrane and the edge region of the first electrocatalyst layer; and (3) the first adhesive layer impregnates through the first electrocatalyst layer at the edge region and in a direction extending perpendicular to the first and second surfaces of the first electrocatalyst layer and impregnates into the first gas diffusion substrate at the edge region and in a direction extending perpendicular to the first and second surfaces of the first gas diffusion substrate.

2. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , further comprising

a second electrocatalyst layer having first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer faces the second surface of the membrane and wherein the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer has an edge region and a central region;

a second electronically-conducting porous gas diffusion substrate having first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface of the second gas diffusion substrate faces the second surface of the second electrocatalyst layer; and

a second film member interposed between the second surface of the membrane and the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer, such that the second film member contacts the edge region and not the central region of the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer.

3. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the edge region on the first surface of the first electrocatalyst layer is the area within 0.5 to 10 mm of the edge of the first electrocatalyst layer.

4. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 , wherein the edge region on the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer is the area within 0.5 to 10 mm of the edge of the second electrocatalyst layer.

5. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , further comprising a second adhesive layer present on a surface of the first film member that faces the membrane, and wherein the second adhesive layer adheres the first film member to the membrane.

6. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 , wherein a second adhesive layer is present on a surface of the first film member that faces the membrane, and the second adhesive layer adheres the first film member to the membrane.

7. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 , further comprising a second adhesive layer present on a surface of the second film member that faces the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer, and wherein the second adhesive layer adheres the second film member to the second electrocatalyst layer, impregnates through the second electrocatalyst layer and impregnates into the second gas diffusion substrate.

8. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 6 , further comprising a third adhesive layer present on a surface of the second film member that faces the first surface of the second electrocatalyst layer, and wherein the third adhesive layer adheres the second film member to the second electrocatalyst layer, impregnates through the second electrocatalyst layer and impregnates into the second gas diffusion substrate.

9. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 7 , further comprising a third adhesive layer present on a surface of the second film member that faces the membrane, and wherein the third adhesive layer adheres the second film member to the membrane.

10. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 8 , further comprising a fourth adhesive layer present on a surface of the second film member that faces the membrane, and wherein the fourth adhesive layer adheres the second film member to the membrane.

11. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the first film member comprises a polymeric material or a metallised film.

12. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 11 , wherein the first film member comprises the metallised film and the metallised film is a layer of metal coated with a polymer.

13. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the ion-conducting membrane comprises a perfluorinated sulphonic acid material.

14. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the gas diffusion substrate comprises carbon paper, carbon cloths, or a non-woven carbon fibre web.

15. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the first electrocatalyst layer comprises a platinum group metal or an alloy thereof.

16. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the first electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum alloyed with another precious metal or a base metal.