IMS detection of chemical markers in petroleum products
A method and composition for identifying chemically tagged petroleum products can be achieved by adding one or more chemicals to a selected petroleum product wherein the chemical is immune to extraction from the petroleum product by conventional inexpensive absorbents, cannot be removed by extraction with acids, bases, or immiscible solvents, cannot be easily oxidized, reduced or reacted with common agents, is difficult to disguise by masking with other agents, has a low polarity, and has a boiling point in the range of the petroleum products the chemical is being added to. The presence of the chemical is determined by using ion mobility spectroscopy.
1. A method of determining the authenticity in a petroleum product comprising:
(a) selecting a petroleum product;
(b) analyzing the petroleum product using an ion mobility spectroscopy technique to determine whether the petroleum product comprises a chemical marker, wherein
(i) the chemical marker has the general formula RCAR′,
(ii) the R component is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, olefin, aryl, and heterocycle groups and hydrogen,
(iii) the R′ component is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, olefin, aryl, and heterocycle groups and hydrogen,
(iv) the A component is selected from the group consisting of ketones, alcohol, amines, cyano, sulfate, nitrile, nitrate, halogen, organic acid, mercaptan, aldehyde, formyl, thiocyano, and isothiocyano, and
(v) the boiling point range of the chemical marker is within the boiling point range of the petroleum product; and
(c) authenticating the petroleum product by the presence of the chemical marker.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein
(i) the R component selected front the group consisting of aryl and heterocycle,
(ii) R′ is a compound selected from the group consisting of aryl and heterocycle groups.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the concentration of the chemical marker in the petroleum product is between 1 ppb and 100 ppm.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the concentration of the chemical marker in the petroleum product is between 100 ppb and 1 ppm.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of analyzing is performed in a laboratory.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of analyzing is performed by a field determination.
7. The method of claim 6 , where in the step of authentication comprises sending a sample of the petroleum product to a laboratory for further analysis.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of analyzing is performed using a hand-held device.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of authenticating comprises a device that responds to the presence of the chemical marker by an audible or visual alarm.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of analyzing the petroleum product comprises using the ion mobility spectroscopy technique to determine whether the petroleum product comprises a second chemical marker, wherein
(a) the second chemical marker has the general formula RCAR′;
(b) the second chemical marker is different that the chemical marker;
(c) further authenticating the petroleum product by the presence of the second chemical marker.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising
(a) analyzing the petroleum product using an infrared detection technique to determine whether the petroleum product comprises a molecular marker; and
(b) further authenticating the petroleum product by the presence of the molecular marker.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the molecular marker is phthalocyanine.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the molecular marker is squaraine.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ion mobility spectroscopy technique comprises taking a sample of the petroleum product and introducing the sample into an ion mobility spectroscopy device.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the sample is introduced into the ion mobility spectroscopy device as a vapor.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the ion mobility spectroscopy device introduces the sample as a vapor by drawing the vapor from the headspace above a liquid sample.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the vapors are ionized by a ionization source.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the ionization source comprises a radioactive source that ionizes the vapor by the emission of low energy beta particles.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the ionization source comprises as radioactive nickel source.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the ionization source comprises nickel 63.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the petroleum product is a fuel.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the petroleum product is an oil.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the petroleum product is a lubricant.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical marker has a boiling point between 100° C. and 250° C.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the R group is at least three carbons long.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the R′ group is at least 3 carbons long.