Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and process cartridge and image-forming apparatus using the same
An electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer formed thereon in this order, wherein the surface layer contains a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen.
1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer formed on the conductive substrate in this order, and the surface layer containing a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen.
2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer is a hardened organic resin layer.
3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer is a layer hardened by plasma.
4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer is a layer containing aluminum, and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen.
5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the Group 13 element contained in the surface layer is gallium.
6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein both the intermediate layer and the surface layer contain a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, and at least one of the kind or the composition of the elements contained in the intermediate layer and the surface layer is different.
7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the total thickness of the surface and intermediate layers is at least 0.1 μm and less than 5 μm, and in the range of 0.5 to 10% with respect to the thickness of the photosensitive layer.
8. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the surface layer contains hydrogen.
9. An image-forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer formed on the conductive substrate in this order, and the surface layer containing a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, a charging unit for charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface, an electrostatic latent image-forming unit for forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing unit for developing the electrostatic latent image into a toner image with a toner-containing developer, and a transfer unit for transferring the toner image onto a recording medium.
10. A process cartridge, integrally comprising an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer formed on the conductive substrate in this order, and the surface layer containing a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit for charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface, a developing unit for forming a toner image on the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface with a toner-containing developer, and a cleaning unit for removing toner remaining on the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface.
11. The process cartridge of claim 10 , wherein both the intermediate layer and the surface layer contain a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, and at least one of the kind or the composition of the elements contained in the intermediate layer and the surface layer is different.
12. The image-forming apparatus of claim 9 , wherein both the intermediate layer and the surface layer contain a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, and at least one of the kind or the composition of the elements contained in the intermediate layer and the surface layer is different.