Measurement and use of molecular interactions
The present invention is based on the realization that the bonds between a target molecule, or a target molecule attached to a particle, and a surface, can be ruptured by mechanically oscillating the surface at increasing amplitude, leading to detachment of the target molecule or particle from the surface. The required acceleration, and hence force, will depend on a variety of factors, including the mass of the molecule or particle, the nature of the bond to the surface and the geometric shape or size of the target molecule or particle. The present invention may therefore be used to separate or to size different target molecules, or to detect their presence.
1. A method for separating first and second components in a fluid, which comprises the steps of:
i. contacting the fluid with a surface having attached thereto a binding reagent to which said first and second components may bind; and
ii. oscillating the surface at a first amplitude sufficient to rupture the bond between the binding reagent and the first component, but insufficient to rupture the bond between the binding reagent and the second component, thereby reducing or preventing the binding of the first component but not the second component
wherein said first and second components are sufficiently different with respect to mass, size, nature of bond to the binding reagent, and/or geometric shape, to permit separation by said oscillation method.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first component is more weakly bound to the binding reagent than the second component.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first component has a lower effective mass than the second component.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first component has a lower mass (molecular weight) than the second component.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first component has a smaller size than the second component.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first component has a different shape to the second component.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second component is an aggregate of the first component.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second component is an oligomer comprising the first component.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the or each component is a protein, antibody, antigen, enzyme, enzyme inhibitor or polynucleotide.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the or each component is a cell, bacterium, virus, prion or phage.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second component is an oligomer of non-disease forming proteins.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second component is an aggregate of disease-forming proteins.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first component is a protein and the second component is a prion comprising said protein.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one component is immobilized to a microsphere.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises a ligand which binds selectively to one component.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the oscillating is in the plane of the surface.
17. The method according to claim 1 , which additionally comprises:
iii. oscillating the surface at the second increased amplitude, sufficient to rupture the bond between the binding reagent and the second component, thereby releasing the second component.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the fluid comprises a third component that can bind to the surface, and the method optionally also comprises:
iv. oscillating the surface at a third amplitude sufficient to rupture also the bond between the binding reagent and the third component.
19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the surface is formed on a transducer which comprises a piezoelectric material.
20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the amplitude of the oscillation of the surface is increased, whilst the frequency of the oscillations is held constant or approximately constant.