A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator including redesigned or modified Cyclone furnaces, air flow distribution, and new or relocated air ports maintains and/or minimizes NO x emission levels from the Cyclone furnace steam generator while minimizing Cyclone furnace and steam generator furnace tube wastage.
1. A method of operating a Cyclone furnace steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear wall at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces, comprising the steps of:
providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls; and
providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
2. The method according to claim 1 , comprising the steps of providing combustion air to the inner Cyclone furnaces at a stoichiometric ratio of about 0.90, providing combustion air to the outer Cyclone furnaces at a stoichiometric ratio of about 1.05, and providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the sum of the combustion air provided to the inner and outer Cyclone furnaces is at a stoichiometric ratio of about 0.95, and the balance of the total air for combustion is provided to the OFA ports.
4. A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator, comprising:
a steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear wall at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces; and
lower furnace air ports for providing a portion of the total air for combustion into the steam generator along said side walls,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a pitch angle Ø from about +45 degrees to about −45 degrees with respect to the horizontal,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a yaw angle θ up to about 30 degrees with respect to a line perpendicular to a plane of the front or rear walls, and
wherein the low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator further comprises means for providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls and means for providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
5. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 4 , wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for controlling at least one of air flow quantity, air flow velocity, and air flow direction through the lower furnace air ports to reduce furnace tube wastage in a lower region of the steam generator.
6. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 4 , wherein the lower furnace air ports are provided adjacent the side walls.
7. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 4 , wherein the lower furnace air ports are provided on at least one of the front and rear walls.
8. A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator, comprising:
a steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear wall at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces,
wherein the Cyclone furnaces each have a re-entrant throat and at least one of the Cyclone furnaces has a re-entrant throat diameter different from a re-entrant throat diameter of others of the Cyclone furnaces,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a pitch angle Ø from about +45 degrees to about −45 degrees with respect to the horizontal,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a yaw angle θ up to about 30 degrees with respect to a line perpendicular to a plane of the front or rear walls, and
wherein at least one of the Cyclone furnaces located at an inner location has a re-entrant throat diameter which is smaller than a re-entrant throat diameter of at least one of the Cyclone furnaces located at an outer location.
9. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 8 , further comprising lower furnace air ports provided adjacent the side walls for providing a portion of the total air for combustion into the steam generator along said side walls.
10. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 9 , further comprising means for controlling at least one of air flow quantity, air flow velocity, and air flow direction through the lower furnace air ports to reduce furnace tube wastage in a lower region of the steam generator.
11. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 8 , comprising means for providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls; and
means for providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
12. A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator, comprising:
a steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces,
wherein the Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls have a direction of swirl selected to enhance sweeping of the side walls with combustion air to reduce the potential for localized reducing conditions,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a pitch angle Ø from about +45 degrees to about −45 degrees with respect to the horizontal,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a yaw angle θ up to about 30 degrees with respect to a line perpendicular to a plane of the front or rear walls, and
wherein at least one of the Cyclone furnaces located at an inner location has a re-entrant throat diameter which is smaller than a re-entrant throat diameter of at least one of the Cyclone furnaces located at an outer location.
13. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 12 , comprising means for providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls; and
means for providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
14. A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator, comprising:
a steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear wall at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces,
wherein the Cyclone furnaces each have a re-entrant throat and at least one of the Cyclone furnaces has a re-entrant throat diameter different from a re-entrant throat diameter of others of the Cyclone furnaces,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a pitch angle Ø from about +45 degrees to about −45 degrees with respect to the horizontal,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a yaw angle θ up to about 30 degrees with respect to a line perpendicular to a plane of the front or rear walls, and
wherein the low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator further comprises means for providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls and means for providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
15. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 14 , further comprising lower furnace air ports provided adjacent the side walls for providing a portion of the total air for combustion into the steam generator along said side walls.
16. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 15 , further comprising means for controlling at least one of air flow quantity, air flow velocity, and air flow direction through the lower furnace air ports to reduce furnace tube wastage in a lower region of the steam generator.
17. A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator, comprising:
a steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces,
wherein the Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls have a direction of swirl selected to enhance sweeping of the side walls with combustion air to reduce the potential for localized reducing conditions,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a pitch angle Ø from about +45 degrees to about −45 degrees with respect to the horizontal,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a yaw angle θ up to about 30 degrees with respect to a line perpendicular to a plane of the front or rear walls, and
wherein the low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator further comprises means for providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls and means for providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.
18. A low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator, comprising:
a steam generator having front, rear and side walls and a plurality of Cyclone furnaces for combusting a fuel, the Cyclone furnaces arranged along at least one of the front and rear walls of the steam generator, and a plurality of over fire air (OFA) ports arranged along at least one of, or both of, the front wall and the rear wall at a higher elevation above the plurality of Cyclone furnaces; and
lower furnace air ports for providing a portion of the total air for combustion into the steam generator along said side walls,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a pitch angle Ø from about +45 degrees to about −45 degrees with respect to the horizontal,
wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for directing the combustion air provided into the steam generator at a yaw angle θ up to about 30 degrees with respect to a line perpendicular to a plane of the front or rear walls, and
wherein at least one of the Cyclone furnaces located at an inner location has a re-entrant throat diameter which is smaller than a re-entrant throat diameter of at least one of the Cyclone furnaces located at an outer location.
19. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 18 , wherein said lower furnace air ports comprise means for controlling at least one of air flow quantity, air flow velocity, and air flow direction through the lower furnace air ports to reduce furnace tube wastage in a lower region of the steam generator.
20. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 18 , wherein the lower furnace air ports are provided adjacent the side walls.
21. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 18 , wherein the lower furnace air ports are provided on at least one of the front and rear walls.
22. The low NO x Cyclone furnace steam generator according to claim 18 , comprising means for providing a portion of the total air for combustion to the Cyclone furnaces, outer Cyclone furnaces adjacent the side walls being provided with a higher air/fuel ratio than that air/fuel ratio provided to inner Cyclone furnaces located further away from the side walls; and
means for providing the balance of the total air for combustion to the OFA ports.