Methods and apparatus for quantifying the risk of cardiac death using exercise induced heart rate recovery metrics
Methods and apparatus for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient. An embodiment of a method comprises determining a prognostic period of the heart activity data after a time t 0 after a peak heart rate of the exercise test, and ascertaining a risk indicator. The risk indicator is based on (a) the heart rate activity data during the recovery stage only after time t 0 and (b) a post-exercise heart rate reserve based on a post-exercise resting heart rate. This embodiment of the method further includes providing an assessment of cardiac risk of a specific patient based on the ascertained risk indicator.
1. A method for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient, comprising:
determining a prognostic period of the heart activity data after a time t 0 after a peak heart rate of the exercise test;
ascertaining a risk indicator based on (a) the heart activity data during the recovery stage only after time t 0 and (b) a post-exercise heart rate reserve based on a post-exercise resting heart rate; and
providing an assessment of cardiac risk of the specific patient based on the ascertained risk indicator wherein the time t 0 is an effective time delay between a protocol defined start of the recovery stage and a subsequent physiological start of the recovery stage after termination of exercise.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the method further comprises:
determining the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate by (a) measuring the peak heart rate (HRpeak) at a time t at which the patient terminates exercising and (b) fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage;
determining a compensated curve of the heart activity data defined by a heart rate and the post-exercise resting heart rate; and
determining a risk indicator based upon the compensated curve during the prognostic period.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage comprises iteratively fitting the post-exercise resting heart rate (HR rec), a decay coefficient (k), and the time t 0 to the heart rate activity data according to a curve defined by:
HR=HRrec+(HRpeak−HRrec) e−k ( t−t 0)
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the post-exercise heart rate reserve is defined by (HRpeak−HRrec).
5. The method of claim 2 wherein fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage comprises iteratively fitting the post-exercise resting heart rate (HRrec), a decay coefficient (k), and the time t 0 to the heart rate activity data according to an iterative damped generalized inverse approach using partial derivatives of a post-exercise resting heart rate, k and t 0 .
6. The method of claim 2 further comprises generating a curve of the heart activity data by (a) defining time windows of the heart activity data, (b) sorting heart rates within the time windows, and (c) averaging at least a portion of the heart rates in each window centered on a median heart rate in each window.
7. The methods of claim 2 further comprising generating a compensated curve by subtracting the post-exercise resting heart rate from the heart activity data to provide a differenced result and dividing the differenced result by the post-exercise heart rate reserve.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein:
ascertaining the risk indicator comprises determining a slope of the compensated curve during the prognostic period; and
providing an assessment of cardiac risk comprises comparing the risk indicators for a cohort having experienced a cardiac event with the risk indicator of the patient.
9. A method for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient, comprising:
determining a post-exercise resting heart rate and prognostic period after a time t 0 after a peak heart rate, wherein the time t 0 is an effective time delay between a protocol defined start of the recovery stage and a subsequent physiological start of the recovery stage after terminating exercise;
determining a slope of a post-exercise heart rate recovery after time t 0 based on the post-exercise resting heart rate; and
providing a cardiac risk assessment of the patient based on the determined slope of the post-exercise heart rate recovery.
10. The method of claim wherein determining the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate comprises (a) measuring the peak heart rate (HRpeak) at a time t at which the patient terminates exercise and (b) fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage, and the method further comprises determining a compensated curve of the heart rate activity defined by a heart rate during the prognostic period and the post-exercise resting heart rate.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage comprises iteratively fitting the post-exercise resting heart rate (HRrec), a decay coefficient (k), and the time t 0 to the heart rate activity data according to a curve defined by:
HR=HRrec+(HRpeak−HRrec) e−k ( t−t 0)
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the post-exercise heart rate reserve is defined by (HRpeak-HRrec).
13. The method of claim 10 wherein fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage comprises iteratively fitting the post-exercise resting heart rate (HRrec) a decay coefficient (k), and the time t 0 to the heart rate activity data according to an iterative damped generalized inverse approach using partial derivatives of the post-exercise resting heart rate, k and t 0 .
14. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
ascertaining a heart rate recovery value comprising determining a slope of the compensated curve wherein the compensated curve is generated by subtracting the post-exercise resting heart rate from the heart rate during the prognostic period to provide a differenced result and dividing the differenced result by the post-exercise heart rate reserve.
15. A method for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient, comprising:
providing heart rate recovery slopes of a sample of a cohort that has experienced a cardiac event (HRRScv);
providing heart rate recovery slopes of a sample of the cohort that has not experienced a cardiac event (HRRSlive);
selecting a prognostic period of the recovery stage for the specific patient where HRRSlive is statistically separate from HRRScv;
determining a heart rate recovery slope of the patient during the prognostic period; and
ascertaining a cardiac risk for the patient based on the heart rate recovery slope of the patient, HRRSlive, and HRRScv wherein providing a prognostic period comprises selecting a prognostic period start time after a time t 0 wherein the time t 0 is an effective time delay between a protocol defined start of the recovery stage and a subsequent physiological start of the recovery stage after termination of exercise.
16. A method for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient, comprising: providing a prognostic period during the recovery stage after sympathetic control of a heart is subordinate to vagal control of the heart; and ascertaining a cardiac risk for the patient based on a slope of the heart activity data during only the prognostic period wherein providing a prognostic period comprises selecting a prognostic period start time after a time t 0 wherein the time t 0 is an effective time delay between a protocol defined start of the recovery stage and the subsequent physiological start of the recovery stage after termination of exercise.
17. A system for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient, comprising:
a cardiographic device configured to measure the heart activity data; and
a computer having a computer-operable medium containing instructions that—
(a) determines a prognostic period of the heart activity data after a time t 0 after a peak heart rate of the exercise test;
(b) ascertains a risk indicator based on (a) the heart rate activity data during the recovery stage only after time t 0 and (b) a post-exercise heart rate reserve value based on a post-exercise resting heart rate; and
(c) provides an assessment of cardiac risk of the specific patient based on the ascertained risk indicator
wherein the time t 0 is an effective time delay between a protocol defined start of the recovery stage and a subsequent physiological start of the recovery stage after termination of exercise.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein the instructions of the computer-operable medium further:
determines the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate by (a) measuring the peak heart rate (HRpeak) at a time at which the patient terminates exercising and (b) fitting the time t 0 and the post-exercise resting heart rate to the heart activity data during the recovery stage; and
determines a compensated curve of the heart rate activity defined by a heart rate during the prognostic period and the post-exercise resting heart rate.
19. The system of claim 18 wherein instructions of the computer-operable medium further:
ascertain the risk indicator by determining a slope of the compensated curve; and
provide an assessment of cardiac risk by comparing a slope of a corresponding compensated curve for a cohort that has experienced a cardiac event and the slope of the compensated curve of the patient.
20. A system for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient, comprising:
a cardiographic device configured to measure the heart activity data; and
a computer having a computer-operable medium containing instructions that—
(a) determines a post-exercise resting heart rate and a start of a prognostic period after a time t 0 after a peak heart rate, wherein the time t 0 is an effective time delay between a protocol defined start of the recovery stage and a subsequent physiological start of the recovery stage after termination of exercise;
(b) determines a slope of a post-exercise heart rate recovery after time t 0 based on the post-exercise resting heart rate; and
(c) provides a cardiac risk assessment of the patient based on the determined slope of the post-exercise heart rate recovery.