Plasma-catalyzed, thermally-integrated reformer for fuel cell systems
View Patent ↗A reformer is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including a channel to convey a preheated plurality of reactants containing both a feedstock fuel and an oxidant. A plasma generator is provided to apply an electrical potential to the reactants sufficient to ionize one or more of the reactants. These ionized reactants are then conveyed to a reaction zone where they are chemically transformed into synthesis gas containing a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A heat transfer mechanism is used to transfer heat from an external heat source to the reformer to provide the heat of reformation.
1. A reformer comprising:
a preheat zone to preheat a plurality of reactants comprising a feedstock fuel and an oxidant;
a plasma generator to apply an electrical potential to the reactants sufficient to ionize at least a portion of the reactants;
a post-plasma reaction zone to chemically transform the ionized reactants into synthesis gas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; and
a non-insulated, thermally-conductive shell surrounding the plasma generator and the post-plasma reaction zone to transfer heat utilized in a reformation reaction from an external heat source to the plasma generator and the post-plasma reaction zone.
2. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock fuel comprises at least one of a hydrocarbon and carbon.
3. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the preheated reactants are presented to the plasma generator in the form of a vapor.
4. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the oxidant comprises at least one oxidant chosen from steam, air, oxygen, an oxygen-containing compound and oxygen-containing mixtures.
5. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock fuel comprises at least one fuel chosen from a gas, a liquid, and a solid.
6. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the plasma generator comprises a gliding electric arc sufficient to ionize at least a portion of the reactants.
7. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone comprises a reaction bed effective to homogenize at least a portion of the reactants by mixing.
8. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the post-plasma reaction zone comprises a reaction bed effective to homogenize at least a portion of the reactants by chemical buffering.
9. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of reformation is between about 350° C. and about 1100° C.
10. The reformer of claim 8 , wherein the post-plasma reaction zone comprises a reaction bed containing at least one catalyst to promote equilibration of reactive species at temperatures lower than the temperature of reformation.
11. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the oxidant is provided in sub-stoichiometric amounts to partially oxidize the feedstock fuel.
12. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the external heat source comprises at least one source chosen from a solid-oxide fuel cell, a molten-carbonate fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a methanation reactor and a Fischer-Tropsch process.
13. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reformer and external heat source are each disposed within an insulated enclosure.
14. The reformer of claim 1 , further comprising a co-axial inner zone, containing the plasma generator, and an outer annulus, containing the reaction zone.
15. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the non-insulated, thermally-conductive shell is further adapted to transfer heat from the external heat source to the preheat zone.
16. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the non-insulated, thermally-conductive shell comprises a gas containment envelope that isolates the reactants and synthesis gas from an external environment.