Dosage forms and methods of use thereof
Pharmaceutical dosage forms with external or internal features to complicate counterfeiting and support authentication are described. External features include surface texture, surface markings defined by patterns of physical or chemical markers, or complex interlocking shapes. Internal features also include physical or chemical markers in two or three-dimensional patterns observable after sectioning, or after breaking along designed fracture lines. Methods of manufacture using solid freeform fabrication (SFF) techniques such as three-dimensional printing (3DP) are described. Method of authentication using dosage form patterns and batch codes are also described.
1. A three-dimensionally printed dosage form comprising:
a. a three-dimensionally printed solid matrix comprising a blend of at least one active ingredient and at least one inactive ingredient; and
b. at least one or more chemical markers, wherein said one or more chemical markers define one or more internal three-dimensional patterns in said matrix that cannot be fully observed when the dosage form is intact and that may be used to authenticate the dosage form, wherein said one or more chemical markers is comprises dye, pigment, color-shift substance, UV-active substance, fluorescent substance, or another inactive pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein said one or more internal patterns includes logo, batch code, lettering, numbering, a dot pattern, or a bar code, and wherein the internal pattern is non-concentric or asymmetric.
2. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein one or more chemical markers is imperceptible to the naked eye.
3. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein one or more internal patterns is detectable just below the outer surface of the dosage form.
4. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein the numbering is separated into individual digits for subsequent addition to obtain a secondary value.
5. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein the number is a numerical code and the sum of the digits of the code corresponds to the amount of concentration of chemical marker used to indicate the code.
6. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising an external feature used to identify, distinguish or authenticate a genuine dosage form from a counterfeit dosage form.
7. The dosage form of claim 6 , wherein the external feature comprises a logo, specific regions with raised or lowered surface features, pattern of color, pattern of chemical marker, or a combination thereof.
8. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein one or more patterns constitutes three-dimensional arrangements that are non-concentric, asymmetrical or otherwise locally variable.
9. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein upon breaking or sectioning of the dosage form, one or more patterns is readily observable, requires exposure to a chemical or common substance for observation, requires use of analytical equipment for detection, or a combination thereof.
10. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising one or more three-dimensionally printed fracture lines.
11. The dosage form of claim 10 , wherein the dosage form is designed to break in one or more predetermined ways.
12. The dosage form of claim 11 , wherein the dosage form is designed to break in one or more predetermined ways to expose said one or more patterns.
13. The dosage form of claim 12 , wherein one or more patterns includes letters and numbers that lie along different axes of the same dosage form.
14. The dosage form of claim 13 , wherein a three-dimensional pattern is designed to expose prespecified two-dimensional patterns on the exposed interior surface of the dosage form when the dosage form is broken or cut along specific axes of the dosage form.
15. The dosage form of claim 12 , wherein one or more patterns includes a batch code.
16. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein the dosage form comprises interlocking pieces.
17. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising one or more two-dimensional internal patterns of chemical marker.
18. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising one or more two-dimensional external patterns of chemical marker.
19. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising one or more additional chemical markers defining one or more external patterns or one or more internal patterns.
20. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein the dosage form comprises multiple internal patterns that are observable by breaking or sectioning the dosage form in different ways.
21. The dosage form of claim 1 comprising plural different chemical markers.
22. The dosage form of claim 1 , wherein the chemical markers are present on the outer surface and interior of the dosage form.