Device and method for the detection and enumeration of multiple groups of microorganisms
A device and method simultaneously detects and enumerates two groups of microorganisms in a test sample, utilizing a single test container. In the container liquid growth media, a chromogenic substrate and a fluorogenic substrate are mixed with the test sample. The test container is incubated to allow bacterial growth and metabolism. Spectral changes of the substrates are dynamically detected using two external light sources aimed at a transparent section of the test container, and a single external photo detector. One light source operates in the visible band and the second in the long ultraviolet band. The two dynamic time patterns generated by the two substrates are analyzed in real time to determine the presence or absence of each microorganisms group and to enumerate their original concentrations in the test sample.
1. A test kit for selectively and simultaneously detecting the presence of primary and secondary groups of microorganisms in a test sample, the test kit comprising:
a container configured to receive the test sample, the container made of material transparent to visible light and ultraviolet light in a specific spectral band;
a mixture of materials contained in said container, the mixture of materials including growth media compounded to promote growth of both the primary and secondary groups of microorganisms, a chromogenic substrate material capable of selectively indicating growth of the primary groups of microorganisms, and a fluorogenic substrate material capable of selectively indicating growth of the secondary group of microorganisms; and
a photo reader, the photo reader consisting of:
a visible light source generating electromagnetic energy directed through said transparent material of the container, the visible light source interacting with said chromogenic substrate to yield chromogenic interaction light indicative of growth of the primary groups of microorganisms;
an ultraviolet light source generating electromagnetic energy directed through said transparent material and interacting with said fluorogenic substrate to yield fluorogenic interaction light indicative of growth of the secondary groups of microorganisms; and a single photo detector, capable of detecting said chromogenic interaction light and fluorogenic interaction light and producing detection signals respective to said chromogenic interaction light and said fluorogenic interaction light; and
a controller electronically connected to the visible light source associated with the container, the ultraviolet light source associated with the container, and the single photo detector, the controller configured to switch the respective light sources on and off in a sequential order;
wherein said chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates are selected to enable the fluorogenic substrate to indicate the growth of the secondary group of microorganisms while the primary group of microorganisms is simultaneously growing and changing the color of said chromogenic substrate.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said visible light source comprises a wideband light source and an optical filter limiting the energy generated by said wideband light source to said specific band in the visible spectrum.
3. The device of claim 2 wherein said wideband light source is an incandescent lamp.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein said visible light source is a light emitting diode.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein said ultraviolet light source is one of an ultraviolet light emitting diode or a gas discharge lamp.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein said photo detector is one of a photo diode, a phototransistor, and a photon multiplying tube (PMT).
7. The test kit of claim 1 wherein said photo detector and said visible ultraviolet light sources are positioned such that electromagnetic energy of said visible light source passes through said mixture directly to the photo detector in a straight line, and the electromagnetic energy of said ultraviolet light is generated at an angle relative to said straight light, yielding fluorogenic interaction light passing indirectly to the photo detector.
8. The test kit of claim 7 wherein said angle is a 90° angle.
9. A method for monitoring the growth of primary and secondary groups of microorganisms simultaneously growing in a single test sample, comprising the steps of:
introducing a mixture of materials into a container, the mixture of materials including a test sample, growth media compounded to promote growth of both the primary and secondary groups of microorganisms potentially present in the test sample, a chromogenic substrate material capable of selectively indicating growth of the primary groups of microorganisms, and a fluorogenic substrate material capable of selectively indicating growth of the secondary group of microorganisms, the container configured to receive the mixture of materials, the container made of material transparent to visible light and ultraviolet light in a specific spectral band, wherein said chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates are selected to enable the fluorogenic substrate to indicate the growth of the secondary group of microorganisms while the primary group of microorganisms is simultaneously growing and changing the color of said chromogenic substrate;
introducing the container containing the introduced mixture of materials into a monitoring device, the monitoring device including;
A) a photo reader associated with the container, the photo reader consisting of:
1) a visible light source generating electromagnetic energy directed through said transparent material of the container, the visible light source interacting with said chromogenic substrate to yield chromogenic interaction light indicative of growth of the primary groups of microorganisms;
2) an ultraviolet light source generating electromagnetic energy directed through said transparent material and interacting with said fluorogenic substrate to yield fluorogenic interaction light indicative of growth of the secondary groups of microorganisms; and
3) a single photo detector, capable of detecting said chromogenic interaction light and fluorogenic interaction light and producing detection signals respective to said chromogenic interaction light and said fluorogenic interaction light; and
B) a controller electronically connected to the visible light source, the chromogenic light source and the single photo detector, the controller configured to switch the respective light sources on and off;
switching on the visible light source associated with the photo reader and measuring the intensity of the chromogenic interaction light with the single photo detector;
switching off the visible light, switching on the ultraviolet light source associated with the photo reader, and measuring the intensity of the fluorogenic interaction light with the single photo detector; and
determining the presence of the primary and secondary groups of microorganisms by the intensities of the chromogenic interaction light and the fluorogenic interaction light, respectively.
10. A method for monitoring the growth of primary and secondary groups of microorganisms simultaneously growing in a single test sample, comprising the steps of:
introducing a mixture of materials into a container, the mixture of materials including a test sample, growth media compounded to promote growth of both the primary and secondary groups of microorganisms potentially present in the test sample, a chromogenic substrate material capable of selectively indicating growth of the primary groups of microorganisms, and a fluorogenic substrate material capable of selectively indicating growth of the secondary group of microorganisms, the container configured to receive the mixture of materials, the container made of material transparent to visible light and ultraviolet light in a specific spectral band, wherein said chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates are selected to enable the fluorogenic substrate to indicate the growth of the secondary group of microorganisms while the primary group of microorganisms is simultaneously growing and changing the color of said chromogenic substrate;
introducing the container containing the introduced mixture of materials into a monitoring device, the monitoring device including;
A) a photo reader associated with the container, the photo reader consisting of:
1) a visible light source generating electromagnetic energy directed through said transparent material of the container, the visible light source interacting with said chromogenic substrate to yield chromogenic interaction light indicative of growth of the primary groups of microorganisms;
2) an ultraviolet light source generating electromagnetic energy directed through said transparent material and interacting with said fluorogenic substrate to yield fluorogenic interaction light indicative of growth of the secondary groups of microorganisms; and
3) a single photo detector, capable of detecting said chromogenic interaction light and fluorogenic interaction light and producing detection signals respective to said chromogenic interaction light and said fluorogenic interaction light; and
B) a controller electronically connected to the visible light source, the chromogenic light source and the single photo detector, the controller configured to switch the respective light sources on and off;
switching on the visible light source associated with the photo detector and measuring the intensity of the chromogenic interaction light with the single photo detector;
switching off the visible light source associated with the photo detector, switching on the ultraviolet light source associated with the photo detector;
measuring the intensity of the fluorogenic interaction light with the single photo detector;
switching off the ultraviolet light source associated with the photo detector; and
repeating the preceding steps at predetermined intervals to obtain a recorded time sequence of the chromogenic interaction light and a recorded time sequence of the fluorogenic interaction light for the container.
11. The method of claim 10 , including providing real time analysis of the time sequences to resolve the numbers of the primary and the secondary groups of microorganisms in the sample.
12. A method of enumerating primary and secondary groups of microorganisms simultaneously growing in a single test sample by first:
applying the steps described in claim 10 ;
determining the Detection Time for each time sequence in which the difference between a predetermined number of consecutive data points in the sequence data changes to follow the group pattern of the corresponding microorganisms; and
evaluating the number of each of the groups of microorganisms in the sample by applying the equation:
CFU
=
log
-
1
(
log
C
si
ln
2
K
B
t
g
-
log
2
t
g
(
t
D
-
t
L
)
)
wherein:
CFU is the colony forming units;
log denotes the 10 base logarithmic function;
ln denotes the natural logarithmic function;
C si is the initial concentration of the corresponding indicator substrate modifying reagents;
K B is the bacterial activity;
t g is the bacterial generation time;
t D is said Detection Time; and
t L is the time duration of the lag phase.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the coefficients of said equation are determined empirically by performing a statistical best-fit linear regression analysis to derive from experimental data the constants A and B of the equation:
log(CFU)= A−B·t D
wherein said experimental data consists of a multiplicity of tests for different test samples, each consisting of the CFU using the traditional plate counts methodology and the corresponding Detection Time t D .