Filler comprising fly ash for use in polymer composites
View Patent ↗The present invention is a fly ash filler or filler blend having a particle size distribution with at least three modes that can be combined with a polymer at higher filler loadings to produce a filled polymer for polymer composites that, in many cases, can produce improved mechanical properties for the polymer composites over polymer composites using conventional fillers. As a result, superior polymer composites (e.g. those used in carpet backing) can be produced at a lower cost than conventional polymer composites. The present invention also includes a method for producing a polymer composite, comprising the steps of combining a polymer with a fly ash filler or a filler blend having a particle size distribution with at least three modes to produce a filled polymer and producing a polymer composite with the resulting filled polymer. The present invention further includes a method of determining what fly ashes can be used as fillers for polymer composites.
1. A filler for a filled polymer comprising a blend of at least two dissimilar types of fly ash, each selected from the group consisting of subbituminous coal fly ash, lignite coal fly ash, Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash, and combinations thereof, said filler blend having a packing factor of at least 65% and a particle size distribution having at least three modes, a first mode having a first median particle diameter, a second mode having a second median particle diameter that is greater than the first median particle diameter, and a third mode having a third median particle diameter that is greater than the second median particle diameter, wherein the volume of particles in the second mode is greater than the volume of particles in the third mode.
2. The filler according to claim 1 , wherein the median particle diameter is from 0.3 to 1.0 microns, the second median particle diameter is from 10 to 25 microns, and the third median particle diameter is from 40 to 80 microns.
3. A filler for a filled polymer comprising a blend of at least two dissimilar types of fly ash, each selected from the group consisting of subbituminous coal fly ash, lignite coal fly ash, Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash, and combinations thereof, said filler blend having a packing factor of at least 65% and a particle size distribution having at least three modes, wherein the filler blend includes a first mode having a median particle diameter from 0.3 to 1.0 microns, a second mode having a median particle diameter from 10 to 25 microns, and a third mode having a median particle diameter form 40 to 80 microns, wherein the particle size distribution of the filler blend includes 11-17% of the particles by volume in the first mode, 56-74% of the particles by volume in the second mode, and 12-31% of the particles by volume in the third mode.
4. The filler according to claim 2 , wherein the ratio of the volume of particles in the second and third modes to the volume of particles in the first mode is from about 4.5 to about 7.5.
5. The filler according to claim 1 , wherein the filler blend comprises a first fly ash filler having a median particle size of 10 microns or less and a second fly ash filler having a median particle size of 20 microns or greater.
6. The filler according to claim 1 , wherein the filler blend comprises a blend of a subbituminous coal fly ash filler and a lignite coal fly ash filler.
7. The filler according to claim 1 , wherein the filler blend comprises a blend of a Class C fly ash and a Class F fly ash.
8. A filler for a filled polymer comprising a blend of a first fly ash filler and at least one additional filler wherein the filler blend has a packing factor of at least 65% and a particle size distribution having at least three modes, wherein a first mode has a first median particle diameter, a second mode has a second median particle diameter greater than said first median particle diameter, a third mode has a third median particle diameter greater than said second median particle diameter, and the volume of particles in the second mode is greater than the volume of particles in the third mode.
9. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the particle size distribution of the filler includes a first mode having a median particle diameter from 0.3 to 1.0 microns, a second mode having a median particle diameter from 10 to 25 microns, and a third mode having a median particle diameter from 40 to 80 microns.
10. The filler according to claim 9 , wherein the particle size distribution of the filler blend includes 11-17% of the particles by volume in the first mode, 56-74% of the particles by volume in the second mode, and 12-31% of the particles by volume in the third mode.
11. The filler according to claim 9 , wherein the ratio of the volume of particles in the second and third modes to the volume of particles in the first mode is from about 4.5 to about 7.5.
12. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one additional filler in the filler blend is a second fly ash.
13. The filler according to claim 12 , wherein the filler blend comprises a first fly ash filler having a median particle size of 10 microns or less and a second fly ash filler having a median particle size of 20 microns or greater.
14. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one additional filler in the filler blend is calcium carbonate.
15. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the filler blend comprises a subbituminous coal fly ash filler.
16. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the filler blend comprises a lignite coal fly ash filler.
17. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the filler blend comprises a Class C fly ash.
18. The filler according to claim 8 , wherein the filler blend comprises a Class F fly ash.
19. A fly ash filler for use in a polymer composite having a packing factor of at least 65% and a particle size distribution with at least three modes, wherein a first mode has a first median particle diameter, a second mode has a second median particle diameter greater than said first median particle diameter, a third mode has a third median particle diameter greater than said second median particle diameter, and the volume of particles in the second mode is greater than the volume of particles in the third mode.
20. The filler according to claim 19 , wherein the particle size distribution of the filler includes a first mode having a median particle diameter from 0.3 to 1.0 microns, a second mode having a median particle diameter from 10 to 25 microns, and a third mode having a median particle diameter from 40 to 80 microns.
21. The filler according to claim 20 , wherein the particle size distribution of the filler includes 11-17% of the particles by volume in the first mode, 56-74% of the particles by volume in the second mode, and 12-31% of the particles by volume in the third mode.
22. The filler according to claim 20 , wherein the ratio of the volume of particles in the second and third modes to the volume of particles in the first mode is from about 4.5 to about 7.5.
23. The filler according to claim 19 , wherein the fly ash comprises a subbituminous coal fly ash filler.
24. The filler according to claim 19 , wherein the fly ash comprises a lignite coal fly ash filler.
25. The filler according to claim 19 , wherein the fly ash comprises a Class C fly ash.
26. The filler according to claim 19 , wherein the fly ash comprises a Class F fly ash.
27. A filler for a filled polymer comprising a blend of a first fly ash filler and at least one additional filler wherein the filler blend has a packing factor of at least 65% and a particle size distribution having at least three modes, wherein a first mode has a median particle diameter from 0.3 to 1.0 microns, a second mode has a median particle diameter from 10 to 25 microns, and a third mode has a median particle diameter from 40 to 80 microns, and wherein the particle size distribution of the filler blend includes 11-17% of the particles by volume in the first mode, 56-74% of the particles by volume in the second mode, and 12-31% of the particles by volume in the third mode.
28. A fly ash filler for use in a polymer composite having a packing factor of at least 65% and a particle size distribution with at least three modes, wherein a first mode has a median particle diameter from 0.3 to 1.0 microns, a second mode has a median particle diameter from 10 to 25 microns, and a third mode has a median particle diameter from 40 to 80 microns, and wherein the particle size distribution of the filler includes 11-17% of the particles by volume in the first mode, 56-74% of the particles by volume in the second mode, and 12-31% of the particles by volume in the third mode.