Stable Adhesives From Urea-Denatured Soy Flour
The present invention provides an improved method of producing a stable urea-denatured soy flour-based adhesive having improved wet and dry strengths, with more efficient production and lower production costs. The method comprises heating soy flour until denatured and then adding urea to the denatured soy flour. The soy flour may be heated up to 40° C. to 100° C. for at least 15 to 500 minutes. Optionally, the method may also include adding a cross-linking agent to the soy flour/urea mixture and/or adding an emulsified or dispersed polymer. Adhesives prepared according to this invention offer increased stability and strength properties.
1 . A method for making a stable adhesive, the method comprising:
heating soy flour until denatured and substantially free of urease; and
adding urea to the denatured soy flour, wherein a stable, soy flour-based adhesive is formed.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the soy flour is denatured by heating to at least 40° C.-100° C.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the soy flour is denatured for a period of 15 to 500 minutes.
4 . The method of claim 1 wherein the urea is added to the denatured soy flour while the flour is at 40° C.-100° C.
5 . The method of claim 1 wherein the soy flour contains at least 20% carbohydrate by weight.
6 . The method of claim 1 wherein the urea is added to the denatured soy flour in an amount equivalent to at most five parts urea for every one part soy flour.
7 . The method of claim 1 further comprising adding a cross-linking agent to the soy flour-based adhesive.
8 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is a formaldehyde-free cross-linking agent selected from isocyanate, polyamine epichlorohydrin resin, epoxy, aldehyde, aldehyde starch, urea-aldehyde resin and mixtures thereof.
9 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is polymeric methyl diphenyl diisocyanate.
10 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin, polyalkylenepolyamine-epichlorohydrin or amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin.
11 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is dialdehyde starch.
12 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is glyoxal.
13 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is urea glyoxal.
14 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is added in an amount between 0.1 and 80 percent by weight.
15 . The method of claim 1 further comprising drying the soy flour-based adhesive to produce a powder adhesive.
16 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is a formaldehyde-containing cross-linking agent selected from formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde, phenol resorcinol and any combination thereof.
17 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is phenol formaldehyde.
18 . The method of claim 7 wherein the cross-linking agent is urea formaldehyde.
19 . The method of claim 1 further comprising adding a diluent to the soy flour-based adhesive.
20 . The method of claim 19 wherein the diluent is selected from glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol and polymeric versions thereof.
21 . The method of claim 19 wherein the diluent is glycerol.
22 . A method for making a stable soy/urea dispersion, the method comprising:
heating soy flour until denatured and substantially free of urease;
adding urea to the denatured soy flour to form a soy flour-based adhesive; and
adding a polymer to the soy flour-based adhesive, wherein a stable soy/urea dispersion is formed.
23 . The method of claim 22 wherein the polymer is an emulsified or dispersed polymer.
24 . The method of claim 22 wherein the soy flour is denatured by heating to at least 40° C.-100° C.
25 . The method of claim 22 wherein the soy flour is denatured by heating for at least 15 to 500 minutes.
26 . The method of claim 22 wherein the urea is added to the denatured soy flour while the flour is at 40° C.-100° C.
27 . The method of claim 22 wherein the soy flour contains at least 20% carbohydrate by weight.
28 . The method of claim 22 wherein the urea is added to the denatured soy flour in an amount equivalent to at most five parts and at least 0.25 parts urea for every one part soy flour.
29 . The method of claim 22 wherein the polymer is selected from polyvinyl acetate or phenol formaldehyde dispersions.
30 . The method of claim 22 further comprising adding a cross-linking agent to the soy/urea dispersion.
31 . The method of claim 30 wherein the cross-linking agent is a formaldehyde-free cross-linking agent selected from polymeric methyl diphenyl diisocyanate, polyamine epichlorihydrin, epoxy and glyoxal.
32 . The method of claim 30 wherein the cross-linking agent is added in an amount between 0.1 and eighty percent by weight.
33 . The method of claim 30 wherein the cross-linking agent is a formaldehyde-containing cross-linking agent selected from formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde, phenol resorcinol and any combination thereof.
34 . The method of claim 22 further comprising drying the soy/urea dispersion to form a powdered soy/urea dispersion.
35 . The method of claim 34 wherein the soy/urea dispersion is freeze-dried.
36 . The method of claim 34 wherein the soy/urea dispersion is spray-dried.