Vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor
An active pixel sensor and method of operating an active pixel sensor comprising an N well of n type silicon formed in a p type silicon substrate and a P well of p type silicon is formed in the N well. A deep N well is formed of n type silicon underneath the P well. The edges of the deep N well contact the bottom of the N well forming an overlap region which can either be not depleted of charge carriers thereby electrically connecting the N well to the deep N well or depleted of charge carriers thereby electrically isolating the N well from the deep N well. N regions formed in the P well and P regions formed in the N well are used to reset the pixel and to read the pixel after a charge integration period. An array of P wells formed within N wells can be used to form an array of active pixel sensors. In this array an overlap region is formed between each N well and the deep N well. In an array of active pixel sensors the N regions can be binned together by using the overlap regions to connect each N well to the deep N well thereby achieving noise suppression during the reset cycle.
1 . A vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor, comprising:
a p type epitaxial silicon substrate;
an N well formed in said substrate;
a P well formed in said N well;
a deep N well formed in said substrate beneath said P well;
an overlap region formed between said N well and said deep N well wherein the potential of said P well can be set to deplete said overlap region of charge carriers and electrically isolate said N well from said deep N well or can be set so that said overlap region is not depleted of charge and electrically connects said N well to said deep N well;
a first N region and a second N region formed in said P well, wherein said first N region and said second N region provide electrical communication to said P well; and
a P region formed in said N well, wherein said P region provides electrical communication to said N well.
2 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 1 wherein said N well, said deep N well, and said P well have doping levels of less than 1×10 17 impurities per cm 3 .
3 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 1 wherein said overlap region is not depleted of charge carriers by setting the potential of said P well with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate and the potential of said N well with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate at a first voltage and said overlap region is depleted of charge by setting the potential of said P well with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate at a second voltage while keeping the potential of said N well with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate at said first voltage.
4 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 3 wherein said first voltage is about +3 volts and said second voltage is about −3 volts.
5 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel of claim 3 wherein said first voltage and said second voltage are chosen such that the overlap region is depleted of charge during a charge integration period and not depleted of charge after said charge integration period has been completed.
6 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 1 wherein said first N region, said second N region, and said P well can be used to form a floating gate field effect transistor.
7 . A vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor, comprising:
an n type epitaxial silicon substrate;
a P well formed in said substrate;
an N well formed in said P well;
a deep P well formed in said substrate beneath said N well;
an overlap region formed between said P well and said deep P well wherein the potential of said N well can be set to deplete said overlap region of charge carriers and electrically isolate said P well from said deep P well or can be set so that said overlap region is not depleted of charge and electrically connects said P well to said deep P well;
a first P region and a second P region formed in said N well, wherein said first P region and said second P region provide electrical communication to said N well; and
an N region formed in said P well, wherein said N region provides electrical communication to said P well.
8 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 7 wherein said P well, said deep P well, and said N well have doping levels of less than 1×10 17 impurities per cm 3 .
9 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 7 wherein said overlap region is not depleted of charge carriers by setting the potential of said N well with respect to said n type epitaxial substrate and the potential of said P well with respect to said n type epitaxial substrate at a first voltage and said overlap region is depleted of charge by setting the potential of said N well with respect to said n type epitaxial substrate at a second voltage while keeping the potential of said P well with respect to said N type epitaxial substrate at said first voltage.
10 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 9 wherein said first voltage is about −3 volts and said second voltage is about +3 volts.
11 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel of claim 9 wherein said first voltage and said second voltage are chosen such that the overlap region is depleted of charge during a charge integration period and not depleted of charge after said charge integration period has been completed.
12 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 7 wherein said first P region, said second P region, and said N well can be used to form a floating gate field effect transistor.
13 . A method of operating a vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor, comprising:
providing a p type epitaxial silicon substrate;
providing an N well formed in said substrate;
providing a P well formed in said N well;
providing a deep N well formed in said substrate beneath said P well;
providing an overlap region formed between said N well and said deep N well wherein the potential of said P well can be set to deplete said overlap region of charge carriers and electrically isolate said N well from said deep N well or can be set so that said overlap region is not depleted of charge and electrically connects said N well to said deep N well;
providing a first N region and a second N region formed in said P well, wherein said first N region and said second N region provide electrical communication to said P well;
providing a P region formed in said N well, wherein said P region provides electrical communication to said N well;
resetting said active pixel sensor by setting the potential of said P well and said N well, with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate, to a first voltage;
setting the potential of said P well, with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate, to a second voltage and keeping said N well, with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate, at said first voltage during a charge integration period, wherein said charge integration period is after resetting said active pixel sensor;
disconnecting said N well from any bias voltage, setting the potential of said P well, with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate, to a third voltage after said charge integration period has been completed; and
determining the charge accumulated during the charge integration period.
14 . The method of claim 13 wherein said first voltage is +3 volts, said second voltage is −3 volts, and said third voltage is 0 volts.
15 . The method of claim 13 wherein said determining the charge accumulated during the charge integration period is accomplished by determining the potential of said N well.
16 . The method of claim 13 wherein said N well, said deep N well, and said P well have doping levels of less than 1×10 17 impurities per cm 3 .
17 . The method of claim 13 wherein the doping levels of said N well, said deep N well, and said P well are chosen so that said overlap region is not depleted of charge when the potential of said P well, with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate, is 0 volts and is depleted of charge when the potential of said P well, with respect to said p type epitaxial substrate, is −3 volts.
18 . The vertical charge transfer active pixel sensor of claim 13 wherein said first N region, said second N region, and said P well can be used to form a floating gate field effect transistor.