Apparatus and method for continuous particle separation
The invention is directed to an apparatus and a method of separating particles, such as cells, from a heterogeneous fluid, such as blood, where the particles have a large range of sizes.
1. A continuous flow fluidic particle separation device, comprising:
a sample input;
a carrier fluid input;
a plurality of separation areas in fluid connection with the sample input, each separation area configured and adapted to separate particles having a size equal to or greater than a critical size from particles having a size less than the critical size in a flow of a heterogeneous fluid sample through each separation area, the flow having a flow direction, wherein the critical size for each separation area is different, and wherein particles having a size less than the critical size for a separation area and particles having at least the critical size for the separation area move in different directions in the separation area, the particles having a size less than the critical size moving with the flow direction of the fluid sample, and the particles having at least the critical size moving at an angle to the flow direction of the fluid sample;
at least one non-clogging pathway in fluid connection with the carrier fluid input, configured and adapted to accept separated particles from at least one of the separation areas into a flow of the carrier fluid in the non-clogging pathway;
a sample output in fluid connection with the separation areas; and
at least one alternate output in fluid connection with the non-clogging pathway, wherein
when a heterogeneous fluid sample containing particles to be separated by size is introduced into the device through the sample input, and a carrier fluid is introduced into the device through the carrier fluid input;
the fluid sample passes through the separation areas;
the carrier fluid passes through the non-clogging pathway in contact with the fluid sample in the separation areas;
no mixing other than diffusion occurs between the liquids; and
particles having at least the critical size separated in each of the separation areas pass into the carrier fluid.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein particles in the heterogeneous fluid sample have a size range of from less than 1 μm to greater than 10 μm.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein particles in the heterogeneous fluid sample have a size range of from less than 1 μm to greater than 20 μm.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein separated particles that pass into the carrier fluid have a size at least that of the critical size.
5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a non-clogging pathway and an alternate output for each separation area, wherein each output has a fluidic resistance that is substantially the same as the other outputs.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the separation areas comprises an array comprising a network of gaps within a microfluidic channel.
7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the array is an ordered array of obstacles.
8. The device of claim 6 , wherein the array is an ordered array of micro- or nano-fabricated features.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device has a flow rate of at least about 1000 μm/second.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device has a throughput of at least about 1 μl/minute.
11. A method of separating particles by size in a continuous fluid flow, the method comprising:
introducing a heterogeneous fluid sample into a sample input of a continuous flow fluidic particle separation device, and introducing a carrier fluid into a carrier fluid input of the device, thereby providing a sample flow through a plurality of separation areas and a carrier flow parallel to and in contact with the sample flow, wherein each of the flows has a sufficiently low Reynolds number that there is substantially no turbulence, and mixing of the fluids in the flow occurs only through diffusion;
separating particles having a size at least that of a predetermined critical size from particles having a size less than the critical size, wherein each separation area has a different critical size, and wherein particles having a size less than the critical size move with the sample flow, and particles having a size at least that of the critical size move at an angle to the sample flow; and
passing the separated particles into the carrier fluid.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the fluid sample is blood, and the particles comprise blood cells.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising separating the particles having a size at least that of the critical size.
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising removing particles separated from a plurality of the separation areas through a single output.
15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising removing particles separated in each of the separation areas through separate outputs.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising removing all particles having a size of at least about 1 μm from the sample fluid in the separation areas.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the carrier fluid comprises phosphate buffered saline.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the carrier fluid comprises at least one of an additive that prevents adhesion and anticoagulant.