Closed-loop method for fuel cell system start-up with low voltage source
A fuel cell system is provided that includes a fuel cell stack and an air compressor in communication with a cathode inlet, a hydrogen source in communication with an anode inlet, and a start-up battery adapted to power the air compressor. The start-up battery is at least one of a low-voltage battery and a high-voltage battery. A pressure sensor is in communication with the air compressor and adapted to measure a compressor outlet pressure. A power conversion module is in electrical communication with the start-up battery and the air compressor. A controller is in communication with the power conversion module and adapted to set an air compressor speed based on an available electrical energy. A closed-loop method of operating the fuel cell system at start-up is also provided, wherein an anode purge is scheduled based on an air flow rate calculated from the compressor outlet pressure and the actual speed.
1. A method for starting a fuel cell stack with a low-voltage battery, comprising the steps of:
providing a fuel cell stack and a low-voltage battery;
receiving a start request for the fuel cell stack;
enabling a power conversion module to boost the electrical energy of the low-voltage battery;
determining an available electrical energy from the boosted low-voltage battery;
determining an estimated speed of an air compressor based on the available electrical energy;
starting the air compressor, wherein the air compressor is set to the estimated speed;
bypassing air from the air compressor around the fuel cell stack to an exhaust;
measuring an actual speed of the air compressor;
measuring a compressor outlet pressure;
calculating an air flow rate to the exhaust from the actual speed and the compressor outlet pressure when one of a) the actual speed is greater than a desired speed, and b) a compressor ramp-up time has elapsed;
scheduling an anode purge based on the air flow rate to the exhaust;
performing the anode purge based on the air flow rate to the exhaust so that a concentration of hydrogen in the exhaust does not exceed a desired level;
providing a controlled flow of hydrogen to an anode of the fuel cell stack; and
diverting an air flow from the compressor to a cathode of the fuel cell stack, wherein the fuel cell stack is placed in an operational mode.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of determining the available electrical energy includes calculating the available electrical energy from a measured voltage of the low-voltage battery.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the desired speed is calculated from the estimated speed.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the desired speed is the estimated speed minus a delta speed.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of scheduling the anode purge includes at least one of: a) setting a time for the anode purge; and b) setting a flow rate for the anode purge.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the anode purge flow rate is calculated from a look-up table based on the air flow rate.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the anode purge flow rate is optimized to maintain an exhausted hydrogen concentration of less than about four percent by volume.
8. A method for starting a fuel cell stack having a low-voltage battery and a high-voltage battery, comprising the steps of:
providing a fuel cell stack, a low-voltage battery, and a high-voltage battery;
receiving a start request for the fuel cell stack;
determining an available electrical energy from at least one of a) the low-voltage battery with a voltage boost, b) the high-voltage battery with a voltage boost, and c) the high-voltage battery without a voltage boost;
selecting a start-up battery from one of the low-voltage battery and the high-voltage battery;
enabling a power conversion module to boost the electrical energy of the start-up battery, if the available electrical energy is less than a start-up energy range;
determining an estimated speed of the air compressor based on the available electrical energy;
starting an air compressor, wherein the air compressor is set to the estimated speed;
bypassing air from the air compressor around the fuel cell stack to an exhaust;
measuring an actual speed of the air compressor;
measuring a compressor outlet pressure;
calculating an air flow rate to the exhaust from the actual speed and the compressor outlet pressure when one of a) the actual speed is greater than a desired speed, and b) a compressor ramp-up time has elapsed;
scheduling an anode purge based on the air flow rate to the exhaust;
performing the anode purge based on the air flow rate to the exhaust so that a concentration of hydrogen in the exhaust does not exceed a desired level;
providing a controlled flow of hydrogen to an anode of the fuel cell stack; and
diverting an air flow from the compressor to a cathode of the fuel cell stack, wherein the fuel cell stack is placed in an operational mode.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the start-up battery is selected from one of:
a) the low-voltage battery, if the available electrical energy from the low-voltage battery is greater than the available electrical energy from the high-voltage battery;
b) the high-voltage battery, if the available electrical energy from the low-voltage battery is less than the available electrical energy from the high-voltage battery; and
c) the high-voltage battery without the voltage boost, if the available electrical energy from the high-voltage battery without the voltage boost is within a desired start-up energy range.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the compressor ramp-up time is 5 seconds.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compressor outlet pressure is measured by measuring a compressor pressure ratio of outlet pressure to inlet pressure.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the air flow rate for the anode purge is calculated in real-time from a measured compressor outlet pressure and a measured actual speed of the compressor.