Functionalization of carbon nanoshperes by severe oxidative treatment
Carbon nanostructures are formed from a carbon precursor and catalytic templating nanoparticles and are treated with a severe oxidative agent to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups to the surface of the graphitic material. Methods for manufacturing carbon nanostructures generally include (1) forming a precursor mixture that includes a carbon precursor and a plurality of catalytic templating particles, (2) carbonizing the precursor mixture to form an intermediate carbon material including carbon nanostructures, amorphous carbon, and catalytic metal, (3) purifying the intermediate carbon material by removing at least a portion of the amorphous carbon and optionally at least a portion of the catalytic metal, and (4) treating the intermediate carbon material with a severe oxidative treatment to increase surface functionalization. Examples of oxidative treatments include (i) a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, (ii) a solution of hydrogen peroxide, or (iii) a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
1. A method for manufacturing a carbon nanomaterial, comprising,
forming an initial precursor mixture comprising a carbon precursor and a plurality of templating nanoparticles, the templating nanoparticles comprising a catalytic metal;
polymerizing the carbon precursor to form a polymerized precursor mixture;
carbonizing the polymerized precursor mixture to form an intermediate carbon material comprising a plurality of carbon nanostructures, amorphous carbon, and optionally remaining catalytic metal;
purifying the intermediate carbon material by removing at least a portion of the amorphous carbon and optionally a portion of any remaining catalytic metal to yield an at least partially purified intermediate carbon nanomaterial comprising the carbon nanostructures; and
treating the at least partially purified intermediate carbon nanomaterial using a severe oxidative treatment to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups to the graphitic material of the carbon nanomaterial, wherein the severe oxidative treatment introduces at least 10 wt % oxygen to the surface of the carbon nanostructures, as measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
2. A method as in claim 1 , in which at least about 12 wt % oxygen, as measured using XPS is introduced to the surface of the carbon nanostructures by oxidative treatment.
3. A method as in claim 1 , in which at least about 15 wt % oxygen, as measured using XPS is introduced to the surface of the carbon nanostructures by oxidative treatment.
4. A method as in claim 1 , in which at least about 20 wt % oxygen, as measured using XPS is introduced to the surface of the carbon nanostructures by oxidative treatment.
5. A method as in claim 1 , in which sonication is applied to the carbon nanostructures during at least a portion of the oxidative treatment.
6. A method as in claim 1 , in which the oxidative treatment is selected from the group consisting (i) a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, (ii) a solution of hydrogen peroxide, or (iii) a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
7. A method as in claim 1 , in which the oxidative treatment is carried out using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, wherein the nitric acid and the sulfuric acid are mixed in a volume to volume ratio in a range from about 1:10 to about 1:1 nitric acid to sulfuric acid.
8. A method as in claim 1 , in which the oxidative treatment is carried out using a hydrogen peroxide solution with a hydrogen peroxide concentration in a range from about 50% to about 10% v/v.
9. A method as in claim 1 , in which the oxidative treatment is carried out using a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, wherein the sulfuric acid has a concentration in a range from about 98% to about 20%, the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration in a range from about 50% to about 1%, and the sulfuric acid and the hydrogen peroxide are mixed in a volume to volume ratio in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:1.
10. A method as in claim 1 , in which the templating nanoparticles are prepared by,
(a) reacting a plurality of precursor catalyst atoms with a plurality of organic dispersing agent molecules to form complexed catalyst atoms; and
(b) allowing or causing the complexed catalyst atoms to form the templating nanoparticles.
11. A method as in claim 1 , in which the intermediate carbon material is purified by removing at least a portion of the residual catalytic metal.
12. A carbon nanomaterial comprising a plurality of carbon nanostructures manufactured according to the method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanostructures have a BET surface area of at least about 120 m 2 /g.
13. A composite material comprising the carbon nanomaterial of claim 12 dispersed in a polymeric material.
14. A method for manufacturing a carbon nanomaterial, comprising,
providing a carbon nanomaterial comprising a plurality of multi-walled carbon nanospheres, wherein the plurality of carbon nanospheres have a maximum diameter in a range from about 10 nm to about 200 nm, an aspect ratio of less than about 2, and an irregular surface having a plurality of graphitic defects; and
introducing at least 10 wt % oxygen, as measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to the surface of the carbon nanospheres by an oxidative treatment.
15. A method as in claim 14 , in which at least about 15 wt % oxygen, as measured using XPS, is introduced to the surface of the carbon nanostructures by oxidative treatment.
16. A method as in claim 14 , in which the oxidative treatment is selected from the group consisting of (i) a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, (ii) a solution of hydrogen peroxide, or (iii) a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
17. A method as in claim 14 , in which the oxidative treatment is carried out using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, wherein the nitric acid and the sulfuric acid are mixed in a volume to volume ratio in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:1 nitric acid to sulfuric acid.
18. A method as in claim 14 , in which the oxidative treatment is carried out using a hydrogen peroxide solution with a hydrogen peroxide concentration in a range from about 50% to about 10% v/v.
19. A method as in claim 14 , in which the oxidative treatment is carried out using a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, wherein the sulfuric acid has a concentration in a range from about 98% to about 20% v/v, the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration in a range from about 50% to about 1% v/v, and the sulfuric acid and the hydrogen peroxide are mixed in a volume to volume ratio in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:1.
20. A method as in claim 14 , wherein the nanospheres comprise at least 50 wt % of the graphitic material in the carbon nanomaterial and have a BET surface area of at least about 120 m 2 /g.
21. A carbon nanomaterial, comprising,
a plurality of multi-walled carbon nanospheres comprising at least 10 wt % of the carbon nanomaterial, wherein the plurality of carbon nanospheres have a maximum diameter in a range from about 10 nm to about 200 nm, an aspect ratio of less than about 2, and an irregular surface having a plurality of graphitic defects; and
at least 10 wt % oxygen on the surface of the graphitic material of the carbon nanomaterial, as measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
22. A carbon nanomaterial as in claim 21 , in which the surface of the graphitic material has at least about 15 wt % oxygen, as measured using XPS.
23. A carbon nanomaterial as in claim 21 , in which the nanospheres comprise at least 50 wt % of the graphitic material in the carbon nanomaterial and have a BET surface area of at least about 120 m 2 /g.
24. A composite material comprising the carbon nanomaterial of claim 21 dispersed in a polymeric material.