Methods of Making Pharmacokinetically Improved Compounds Comprising Functional Residues or Groups and Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising Said Compounds

1 . A method of modulating the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic property of a compound, comprising the step of:

attaching at least one functional group to a known active compound by (a) replacing a nonessential residue; or (b) substituting a nonessential residue of the compound with the at least one function group, thereby improving the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one functional group is selected from a hydrophobic group, an ether, an oligo(ethylene glycol) group or a derivative thereof, an amine, an ammonium salt, a simple amid; an amide based on amino acids, a crown ether, a sugar, or a nitrile, an amine group, an oxalamide, a sarcosine residue, a sarcosine derivative or a sarcosine oligomer.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein said functional group is a sarcosine residue or sarcosine derivative.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said pharmacokinetic property is reduced non-specific protein binding.

5 . A method of modulating the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties of a compound, comprising: attaching a residue from the group consisting of a hydrophobic group, an ether, an oligo (ethylene glycol) group or a derivative thereof, an amine, an ammonium salt, a simple amide, an amide based on amino acids, a crown ether, a sugar, or a nitrile, an amine group, an oxalamide, a sarcosine residue, a sarcosine derivative or a sarcosine oligomer to a known active compound to generate a second compound.

6 . The method of any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein said active compound is Vardenafil.

7 . The method of any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein said modulated compound has the following formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or hydrate thereof, wherein

R 1 is lower alkyl;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein the lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio;

A is N or C—H;

B is N, C—H, C—(SO 2 —R 4 ), or C—CO—R 4 ;

D is N, C—H, C—(SO 2 —R 4 ) or C—CO—R 4 ;

E is N or C—H;

wherein only one of A, B or E may be N, and one of B or D is C—(SO 2 —R 4 ) or C—CO—R 4 ;

R 4 is a group having the formula:

in which each R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H and lower alkyl, wherein the lower alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio; and additionally or alternatively R 6 and R 5 together form a 5- or 6-membered ring, or R 6 and R 7 together form a 3 to 6 membered ring; R 9 is independently selected from H and lower alkyl, wherein the lower alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio; alternatively R 8 and R 9 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring; n is to 4; and m is 1 to 6.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein

A is C—H;

B is C—H;

D is C—(SO 2 —R 4 ); and

E is C—H.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein m is 1 or 2.

10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein n is 1.

11 . The method of any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein:

R 1 is ethyl

R 2 is methyl

R 3 is propyl

A is C—H;

B is C—H;

D is C—(SO 2 —R 4 ); and

E is C—H.

12 . The method of any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein said modulated compound has the following formula:

wherein,

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are as defined in claim 6 for formula A.

13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the modulated compound has the formula

wherein,

R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H and lower alkyl, wherein the lower alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio.

14 . The method of claims 1 to 5 , wherein said modulated compound has the following formula:

wherein,

R 1 is lower alkyl;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein the lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio;

R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H and lower alkyl, wherein the lower alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio;

and additionally or alternatively R 6 and R 5 , or R 8 and R 10 together form a 5- or 6-membered ring, or R 6 and R 7 , or R 10 and R 11 together form a 3 to 6 membered ring; and R 9 and R 12 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein said modulated compound has the following formula:

wherein,

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 8 , R 9 and R 12 are as defined in claim 14 .

16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein said modulated compound has the following formula:

wherein,

R 1 is lower alkyl; and

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein the lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio.

17 . The method of claims 1 to 5 , wherein said modulated compound is selected from

18 . The method of any one of claims 1 - 5 , wherein said modulated compound has the following formula D:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or hydrate thereof, wherein:

R 1 is lower alkyl;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein the lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio;

A is N or C—H;

B is N, C—H, C—(SO 2 —NH—R 13 ), or C—CO—NH—R 13 ;

D is N, C—H, C—(SO 2 —NH—R 13 ) or C—CO—NH—R 13 ;

E is N or C—H;

wherein only one of A, B or E may be N, and one of B or D is C—(SO 2 —NH—R 13 ) or C—CO—NH—R 13 ;

R 13 is lower alkyl.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein R 13 is methyl.

20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl.

21 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the compound has the formula D 1 :

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or hydrate thereof, wherein

R 1 is lower alkyl;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein the lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, NO 2 , amino, acylamino, amido, carbonyl, and alkylthio; and

R 13 is selected from lower alkyl.

22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein R 13 is methyl.

23 . The method of claim 21 , wherein R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from lower alkyl.

24 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the compound has the formula