Method for Determining Resistance of Hiv to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Treatment
The present invention provides methods and devices for predicting whether an HIV-1 is resistant to an antiviral drug based on the HIV-1's genotype. In one aspect, the invention provides methods comprising determining whether a mutation or combination of mutations associated with NRTI resistance are present, as disclosed herein, thereby assessing the effectiveness of FTC therapy in the HIV-infected subject. Computer implemented methods comprising determining HIV-1 resistance are provided.
1 . A method of determining whether an HIV-1 is likely to be resistant to a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (“NRTI”), comprising detecting in a gene encoding reverse transcriptase of the HIV-1 one or more primary mutations or at least four secondary mutations, wherein the primary mutations are selected from the group consisting of mutations in codons 65, 151, and 184 and an insertion at codon 69, and the secondary mutations are selected from the group consisting of mutations at codons 41, 44, 67, 70, 118, 210, 215, and 219.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the primary mutations are selected from the group consisting of K65R, Q151M, M184I, M184V, M184T, and any insertion of one or more amino acids at position 69.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the secondary mutations are selected from the group consisting of M41L, E44A, E44D, D67N, K70R, V118I, L210W, T215F, T215Y, K19E, K219H, K219N, K219Q and K219R.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the NRTI is FTC.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the HIV-1 is an HIV-1 isolated from a patient sample.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the HIV-1 is isolated from the patient sample without passage through cell culture.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the NRTI is FTC, the primary mutation is selected from the group consisting of K65R, Q151M, M184I, M184V, M184T, and any insertion of one or more amino acids at position 69, and the secondary mutations are selected from the group consisting of M41L, E44A, E44D, D67N, K70R, V118I, L210W, T215F, T215Y, K219E, K219H, K219N, K219Q and K219R.
8 . A method for assessing the effectiveness of FTC therapy in a HIV-infected subject comprising detecting in a gene encoding reverse transcriptase of the HIV-1 one or more primary mutations or at least four secondary mutations, wherein the primary mutations are selected from the group consisting of mutations in codons 65, 151, and 184 and an insertion at codon 69, and the secondary mutations are selected from the group consisting of mutations at codons 41, 44, 67, 70, 118, 210, 215, and 219, thereby assessing the effectiveness of FTC therapy in the subject.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the primary mutations are selected from the group consisting of K65R, Q151M, M184I, M184V, M184T, and any insertion of one or more amino acids at position 69.
10 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the secondary mutations are selected from the group consisting of M41L, E44A, E44D, D67N, K70R, V118I, L210W, T215F, T215Y, K219E, K219H, K219N, K219Q and K219R.
11 . A computer implemented method of determining that an HIV-1 is likely to be resistant to FTC, comprising inputting to a computer-readable medium a genotype of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from the HIV-1 and comparing the genotype of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to a database that comprises a correlation between the presence of a mutation at 65, 151, or 184 or an insertion at codon 69 and resistance to FTC, wherein if the comparison identifies that a mutation correlated with FTC resistance is present, the HIV-1 is determined to resistant to FTC.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the database comprises a correlation between the presence of K65R, Q151M, M184I, M184V, M184T, or any insertion of one or more amino acids at position 69 and FTC resistance.
13 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising comparing the genotype of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to a database in the computer system that comprises a correlation between the presence of a mutation in at least four of codons 41, 44, 67, 70, 118, 210, 215, and 219 and resistance to FTC, wherein if the comparison identifies that a mutation correlated with FTC resistance is present, the HIV-1 is determined to resistant to FTC.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the database comprises a correlation between the presence of M41L, E44A, E44D, D67N, K70R, V118I, L210W, T215F, T215Y, K219E, K219H, K219N, K219Q or K219R and FTC resistance.
15 . The method of claim 11 or 13 , further comprising displaying whether or not the HIV-1 is determined to be resistant to FTC.
16 . The method of claim 11 or 13 , further comprising informing a medical professional whether the HIV-1 is resistant to FTC.
17 . The method of claim 11 or 13 , further comprising informing the subject whether the HIV-1 is resistant to FTC.
18 . A computer-readable medium comprising a computer program that determines whether an HIV-1 infecting a subject is resistant to FTC, comprising a computer code that receives input corresponding to a genotype of a HIV-1 nucleic acid encoding HIV-1 reverse transcriptase obtained from HIV-1 infecting the subject; a computer code that performs a first comparison to determine if codon 65, 69, 151, or 184 of the nucleic acid encoding HUV-1 reverse transcriptase is K65R, Q151M, M184I, M184V, M184T, or any insertion of one or more amino acids at position 69; a computer code that performs a second comparison to determine if codon 41, 44, 67, 70, 118, 210, 215, or 219 of the nucleic acid encoding HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is M41L, E44A, E44D, D67N, K70R, V118I, L210W, T215F, T215Y, K219E, K219H, K219N, K219Q or K219R; a computer code that determines whether at least one match is made in the first comparison or at least four matches are made in the second comparison, wherein the HIV-1 is determined to be resistant to FTC if at least one match is made in the first comparison or at least four matches are made in the second comparison; and a computer code that conveys a result representing whether or not the HIV-1 is determined to be resistant to FTC to an output device.