Antimicrobial glaze and porcelain enamel via double layer glaze with high zinc content
A cost-effective and practical antimicrobial glaze system and glazing process is disclosed herein. The antimicrobial glaze/enamel may comprise at least two layers: a base layer and a top layer. The base layer may contain a typical or normal glaze widely used in sanitary ware, having a low level of zinc oxide. The base layer glaze may be directly sprayed on the clay body surface. A thin top glaze layer is sprayed on top of the base glaze layer and the top layer may contain a high level of zinc oxide.
1. A multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel, comprising:
a base glaze layer, wherein the base glaze layer comprises less than about 8.0 percent by weight ZnO; and
a top glaze layer, wherein the top glaze layer comprises about 8.0 percent by weight to about 35.0 percent by weight ZnO,
wherein the base glaze layer is between about 300 μm and 1000 μm in thickness;
wherein the top glaze layer is between about 25 μm and 250 μm in thickness;
wherein relative thicknesses and concentrations of the top glaze layer and base glaze layer are such that a total concentration of the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is less than about 5.0 percent by weight ZnO; and
wherein the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is substantially free of surface defects.
2. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 1 wherein the base glaze layer is between about 300 μm and 600 μm in thickness after firing.
3. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 1 wherein the top glaze layer is between about 25 μm and 150 μm in thickness after firing.
4. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 3 wherein the top glaze layer is between about 100 μm and 200 μm in thickness after firing.
5. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 1 wherein the top glaze layer also includes a source of ions of Hg, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb, and/or Bi.
6. A multilayer antimicrobial glaze or enamel comprising a base glaze layer and a top glaze layer, comprising:
a base glaze layer comprising after firing:
about 40 to about 70 weight % SiO2,
about 0 to about 15 weight % Al2O3,
about 0 to about 15 weight % ZrO2,
about 0 to about 6 weight % ZnO,
about 0 to about 20 weight % CaO,
about 0 to about 20 weight % TiO2,
about 7.0 to about 15.0 weight % opacifier and
about 0 to about 20 weight % B2O3; and
a top glaze layer comprising after firing:
about 3 to 15 weight % Al 2 O 3
about 40 to 70 weight % SiO 2
about 11 to 35 weight % ZnO
about 0 to 20 weight % other fluxes;
wherein the base glaze layer is between about 300 μm and 1000 μm in thickness;
wherein the top glaze layer is between about 25 μm and 250 μm in thickness;
wherein relative thicknesses and concentrations of the top glaze layer and base glaze layer are such that a total concentration of the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is less than about 5.0 percent by weight ZnO; and
wherein the multilayer antimicrobial glaze or enamel is substantially free of surface defects.
7. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 6 wherein the top glaze layer also includes a source of ions of Hg, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb, Bi, and/or a rare earth element.
8. A multilayer antimicrobial glaze or enamel comprising:
a base glaze layer; and
a top glaze layer, wherein the top about 10 μm of the top glaze layer contains about 11.0 percent by weight to about 35.0 percent by weight ZnO;
wherein the percent by weight of ZnO in the top about 10 μm of the top glaze layer is greater than the percent by weight of ZnO in the base glaze layer and the percent by weight of ZnO lower than the top about 10 μm of the top glaze layer;
wherein relative thicknesses and concentrations of the top glaze layer and base glaze layer are such that a total concentration of the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is less than about 5.0 percent by weight ZnO; and
wherein the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is substantially free of surface defects.
9. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 8 wherein the top glaze layer also includes a source of ions of Hg, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb, and/or Bi.
10. A multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel, comprising:
a base glaze layer, wherein the base glaze layer comprises less than about 8.0 percent by weight ZnO; and
a top glaze layer, wherein the top glaze layer comprises about 8.0 percent by weight to about 35.0 percent by weight ZnO, wherein the top glaze layer comprises a top surface and a bottom surface; and wherein the bottom surface is adjacent to the base glaze layer,
wherein the base glaze layer is between about 300 μm and 1000 μm in thickness;
wherein the top glaze layer is between about 25 μm and 250 μm in thickness;
wherein relative thicknesses and concentrations of the top glaze layer and base glaze layer are such that a total concentration of the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is less than about 5.0 percent by weight ZnO; and
wherein the multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel is substantially free of surface defects.
11. The multilayer antimicrobial glaze/enamel of claim 10 , wherein the top surface of the top glaze layer is adjacent to an ambient environment.