Matching a resonant frequency of a resonant cavity to a frequency of an input voltage
A synchrocyclotron includes magnetic structures that define a resonant cavity, a source to provide particles to the resonant cavity, a voltage source to provide radio frequency (RF) voltage to the resonant cavity, a phase detector to detect a difference in phase between the RF voltage and a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity that changes over time, and a control circuit, responsive to the difference in phase, to control the voltage source so that a frequency of the RF voltage substantially matches the resonant frequency of the resonant cavity.
1. A synchrocyclotron comprising:
magnetic yokes that define a resonant cavity;
a source to provide input voltage to the resonant cavity, the source comprising a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO); and
feedback circuitry to control the source so that a frequency of the input voltage substantially matches a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity, the feedback circuitry comprising:
a phase detector to detect a phase difference between the frequency of the input voltage and the resonant frequency;
an integrator to receive an output of the phase detector and to sum the output over time
a filter to generate a control signal for the VCO based on an output of the integrator, the control signal for causing the VCO to change the frequency of the input voltage in accordance with the phase difference, and
circuitry to present the phase detector with substantially constant frequencies over at least part of a frequency range that the resonant cavity is swept.
2. The synchrocyclotron of claim 1 , wherein the substantially constant frequencies are derived from a frequency of the input voltage and the resonant frequency.
3. The synchrocyclotron of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a low-pass filter having a cutoff frequency that is inversely proportional to a sweep time of the resonant frequency.
4. The synchrocyclotron of claim 1 , wherein the phase detector is configured to detect the phase difference by comparing the frequency of the input voltage to a resonant frequency of a voltage in the resonant cavity.
5. The synchrocyclotron of claim 1 , wherein the phase detector is configured to detect the phase difference by comparing the frequency of the input voltage to a resonant frequency of a current in the resonant cavity.
6. The synchrocyclotron of claim 1 , further comprising:
an ion source to provide particles to the resonant cavity,
wherein the input voltage comprises a radio frequency (RF) voltage to draw particles from the resonant cavity; and
wherein a combination of the RF voltage and a magnetic field caused by the magnetic yokes causes particles drawn from the resonant cavity to accelerate.
7. The synchrocyclotron of claim 1 , wherein the resonant frequency sweeps between about 30 megahertz (MHz) and about 300 MHz in about 1 millisecond (ms).
8. The synchrocyclotron of claim 7 , further comprising:
a tuning circuit to change the resonant frequency of the resonant cavity,
wherein the tuning circuit comprises:
a variable capacitive circuit that is rotatable; or
a variable inductive circuit.
9. An apparatus comprising:
magnetic structures that define a resonant cavity;
a source to provide particles to the resonant cavity;
a voltage source to provide radio frequency (RF) voltage to the resonant cavity;
a phase detector to detect a difference in phase between the RF voltage and a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity that changes over time; and
control circuitry, responsive to the difference in phase, to control the voltage source so that a frequency of the RF voltage substantially matches the resonant frequency of the resonant cavity, the control circuitry comprising:
an integrator to receive an output of the phase detector and to sum the output over time
a filter to generate a control signal for the voltage source based on an output of the integrator, the control signal for causing the voltage source to change the frequency of the RF voltage in accordance with the difference in phase, and
circuitry to present the phase detector with substantially constant frequencies over at least part of a frequency range that the resonant cavity is swept.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the resonant cavity comprises:
a first dee to receive the RF voltage; and
a second dee that is electrically connected to ground;
wherein a space between the first dee and the second dee forms a gap; and
wherein the first dee and the second dee define a tunable resonant circuit configured to create an oscillating electric field across the gap in response to the RF voltage.
11. An apparatus comprising:
magnetic structures that define a resonant cavity;
a source to provide particles to the resonant cavity;
a voltage source to provide radio frequency (RF) voltage to the resonant cavity;
a phase detector to detect a difference in phase between the RF voltage and a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity that changes over time; and
control circuitry, responsive to the difference in phase, to control the voltage source so that a frequency of the RF voltage substantially matches the resonant frequency of the resonant cavity, the control circuitry comprising:
an integrator to receive an output of the phase detector and to sum the output over time;
a filter to generate a control signal for the voltage source based on an output of the integrator, the control signal for causing the voltage source to change the frequency of the RF voltage in accordance with the difference in phase, and
circuitry to present the phase detector with substantially constant frequencies over at least part of a frequency range that the resonant cavity is swept.
12. Circuitry to substantially match an input voltage to a resonant cavity to a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity, where the resonant frequency sweeps frequencies over time, the circuitry comprising:
a phase detector to detect a difference in phase between the resonant frequency and the input voltage, the phase detector outputting a first signal that corresponds to the difference;
an integrator and filter circuit to generate a control signal in response to the first signal;
a voltage controlled oscillator to regulate the input voltage in response to the control signal; and
circuits to present the phase detector with substantially constant frequencies over at least part of a frequency range of the resonant frequency.
13. The circuitry of claim 12 , wherein the phase detector is configured to obtain the resonant frequency from one of a voltage of the resonant cavity and a current of the resonant cavity.
14. The circuitry of claim 12 , wherein the resonant frequency sweeps over a frequency range of about 30 megahertz (MHz) and about 300 MHz in about a predefined time; and
wherein the integrator and filter circuit comprises a low-pass filter having a cutoff frequency that is inversely proportional to the predefined time.
15. The circuitry of claim 12 , wherein the resonant cavity is part of a synchrocyclotron that is configured to accelerate protons from the resonant cavity.
16. The circuitry of claim 12 , further comprising:
a pickup element associated with the resonant cavity, the pickup element for obtaining a signal corresponding to the resonant frequency, the phase detector for receiving the signal from the pickup element.
17. The circuitry of claim 12 , wherein the pickup element is capacitive and the signal comprises a voltage signal; or
wherein the pickup element is inductive and the signal comprises a current signal.
18. A method of matching an input voltage to a resonant cavity to a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity, where the resonant frequency sweeps frequencies over time, the method comprising:
in a phase detector, detecting a difference in phase between the resonant frequency and the input voltage, a first signal corresponding to the difference;
in a loop filter and integrator, generating a control signal in response to the first signal; and
using a voltage controlled oscillator, regulating the input voltage in response to the control signal;
where circuitry is used to present the phase detector with substantially constant frequencies over at least part of a frequency range of the resonant frequency.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein detecting the difference in phase comprises obtaining the resonant frequency from one of a voltage of the resonant cavity and a current of the resonant cavity.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the resonant frequency sweeps over a frequency range of about 30 megahertz (MHz) and about 300 MHz in about a predefined time; and
wherein the loop filter and integrator comprises a low-pass filter circuit that has a cutoff frequency that is inversely proportional to the predefined time.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the resonant cavity is part of a synchrocyclotron that is configured to accelerate protons from the resonant cavity.
22. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
obtaining a signal corresponding to the resonant frequency, the difference in phase between the resonant frequency and the input voltage being determined based on the signal corresponding to the resonant frequency.