Articles comprising a fibrous support

1. An article comprising:

a fibrous support comprising nanofibers, the fibrous support having a thickness from 5 μm to about 50 μm; and

an interfacially polymerized polymer layer disposed on a surface of the fibrous support,

wherein the interfacially polymerized polymer layer further comprises at least one hydrophilic or hydrophobic nanoparticulate filler.

2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanofibers have an average diameter ranging from about 2 nm to about 2000 nm.

3. The article of claim 1 , wherein:

the fibrous support is in the form of a sheet comprising a top layer and a bottom layer;

the top layer is disposed between the interfacially polymerized polymer layer and the bottom layer;

each of the top and bottom layers is comprised of nanofibers; and

the average diameter of the nanofibers of the top layer is less than the average diameter of the nanofibers of the bottom layer.

4. The article of claim 3 , wherein the average diameter of the nanofibers of the top layer ranges from about 2 nm to about 500 nm, and the average diameter of the nanofibers of the bottom layer ranges from about 500 nm to about 50 μM.

5. The article of claim 3 , wherein the thickness of the interfacially polymerized polymer layer ranges from about 10 nm to about 500 nm.

6. The article of claim 3 , wherein:

the fibrous support further comprises a middle layer comprised of nanofibers disposed between the top layer and bottom layer; and

the average diameter of the nanofibers of the middle layer is:

less than the average diameter of the nanofibers of the bottom layer, and greater than the average diameter of the nanofibers of the top layer.

7. The article of claim 6 , wherein the average diameter of the nanofibers of the top layer ranges from about 2 nm to about 500 nm, the average diameter of the nanofibers of the middle layer range from about 10 nm to about 500 nm, and the average diameter of the nanofibers of the bottom layer are 500 nm or more.

8. The article of claim 6 , wherein the thickness of the interfacially polymerized polymer layer ranges from about 2 nm to about 500 nm.

9. The article of claim 3 , further comprising a substrate layer disposed on the bottom layer, whereby the bottom layer is disposed between the substrate layer and the top layer.

10. The article of claim 9 , wherein the substrate layer is a nonwoven fabric.

11. The article of claim 10 , wherein the fibers of the nonwoven fabric comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, cellulose, polyamide, polyurethane, glass, inorganic fibers, and metallic fibers, their derivatives, and combinations thereof.

12. The article of claim 9 , wherein the substrate layer has an average thickness of from about 20 μm to about 20 mm.

13. The article of claim 6 , further comprising a woven or nonwoven substrate layer disposed on the bottom layer, whereby the bottom layer is disposed between the substrate layer and the middle layer.

14. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanofibers at the surface of the fibrous support penetrate the interfacially polymerized polymer layer from about 1% to about 100% of the thickness of the interfacially polymerized polymer layer.

15. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate filler comprises at least one hydrophilic nanoparticulate filler selected from the group consisting of oxidized carbonaceous nanoparticles, surface grafted carbonaceous nanoparticles, water dispersible nanoclays, and combinations thereof.

16. The article of claim 15 , wherein the nanoparticulate filler comprises an oxidized carbonaceous nanoparticle selected from the group consisting of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized carbon nanofibers, and oxidized graphene sheets.

17. The article of claim 15 , wherein the nanoparticulate filler comprises a carbonaceous nanoparticle surface grafted with oligomeric or polymeric water-soluble polymers; and

the carbonaceous nanoparticles surface grafted with oligomeric or polymeric water-soluble polymers are selected from the group consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphene sheets.

18. The article of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticulate filler comprises a water dispersible nanoclay selected from the group consisting of lucentite and montmorillonite clays.

19. The article of claim 16 , wherein the nanofiber filler has an average diameter of from about 2 nm to about 2000 nm.

20. The article of claim 1 , wherein the interfacially polymerized polymer layer further comprises a functionalized molecule.

21. The article of claim 20 , wherein the functionalized molecule is selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobic molecules, hydrophilic molecules, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, organic-inorganic polymer composites, antibodies, antigens, DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, positively charged molecules, negatively charged molecules, amphiphilic molecules, and combinations thereof.

22. The article of claim 1 , wherein the interfacially polymerized polymer layer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polyamide, a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polyimide, a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polyester, a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polyurea, a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polyurethane, a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polysulfone, a crosslinked or uncrosslinked polycarbonate, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.

23. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanofibers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, chitosan, proteins, polyalkyleneoxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol) polymers, poly(ether-co-amide) polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof and copolymers thereof.

24. The article of claim 23 , wherein the nanofibers comprise polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polysulfone, polyvinyl alcohol, or derivatives thereof.

25. The article of claim 23 , wherein the nanofibers comprise a polymer functionalized with a hydrophilic group.

26. A membrane comprising the article of claim 1 .

27. The membrane of claim 26 , wherein the membrane is an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane, a reverse osmosis membrane, or a forward osmosis membrane.

28. A membrane module comprising:

at least one membrane of claim 26 ;

means of contacting a fluid mixture with the surface of the interfacially polymerized polymer layer of the at least one membrane;

means for removing a retentate from the surface of the interfacially polymerized polymer layer; and

means for removing a permeate from the surface of the fibrous support opposite the surface of the fibrous support contacting the interfacially polymerized polymer layer.

29. The membrane module of claim 28 , wherein the membrane module is a spiral wound membrane module or a flat sheet membrane module.

30. A fluid separation system comprising at least one membrane module of claim 28 .

31. A fluid separation system comprising at least one membrane module of claim 29 .