Methods for authenticating articles with optical reporters
This invention pertains to methods for authenticating an article comprising tagging the article with light emitting optical reporter particles, and more specifically tagging the articles with up-converting phosphor particles (UCP), linked to nucleic acids of detectable sequence.
1. A method for authenticating an article comprising the steps of: providing an optical reporter marker, the optical reporter marker having at least one light emitting upconverting phosphor particle linked by a linking group comprising an alkylene moiety, to a nucleic acid taggant, the nucleic acid taggant having a plurality of artificial polymorphic double stranded (ds) DNA fragments, said artificial polymorphic dsDNA fragments each having an artificial sequence obtained by restriction digestion and ligation of extracted DNA
applying the optical reporter marker onto the article of interest,
detecting the optical reporter marker associated with the article of interest with a light source,
obtaining a sample of the optical reporter marker from the article of interest for analysis;
analyzing the collected sample to detect the presence of the identifiable portion of the artificial polymorphic double stranded (ds)DNA fragments linked to the upconverting phosphor particle using a polymerase chain reaction-on the collected sample comprising said artificial polymorphic (ds)DNA fragments using specific primers, thereby producing specific length amplicons; and
verifying that the article is genuine by detecting the specific length amplicons amplified from said artificial polymorphic dsDNA fragments on said article of interest,
wherein verifying that the article is genuine by detecting said polymorphic DNA fragments in said article comprises analyzing the specific lengths of said specific length amplicons.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical reporter marker has the composition of the formula I:
(cOpR)-[L-(NA)] m I
wherein:
m is an integer greater than 1;
(cOpR) is a coated optical reporter particle, said (cOpR) having an upconverting phosphor (UCP) material;
(NA) is a nucleic acid oligomer of detectable sequence, wherein (NA) is a double stranded DNA molecule having a length of between 100 base pairs and 800 base pairs; and
L is said linking group covalently bound to the coated optical reporter particle and to the nucleic acid oligomer, wherein L comprises said alkylene moiety.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein (UCP) is an upconverting phosphor particle of the formula:
Y x Yb y Er z O 2 S; or
Na(Y x Yb y Er z )F 4 ;
wherein:
x is from about 0.6 to about 0.95;
y is from about 0.05 to about 0.35; and
z is from about 0.1 to about 0.001.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein L is of the formula:
-A-R 1 —B—
wherein:
R 1 is C 2-8 alkylene;
-A- is a group covalently bonded to the surface of the coated optical reporter; and
—B— is a group covalently bonded to the 3′ or 5′ end of the nucleic acid oligomer.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein -A- is —O—.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein —R 1 — is —(CH 2 ) n — and wherein n is from 2 to 8.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein
—S—;
—O—;
—NR a -;
—S—(CH 2 ) p —;
—O—(CH 2 ) p —;
—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
—S—(CH 2 ) q —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
—O—(CH 2 ) q —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
—NR a —(CH 2 ) q —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
—S—C(O)—(CH 2 ) r —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
—O—C(O)—(CH 2 ) r —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —; or
—NR a —C(O)—(CH 2 ) r —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
wherein:
p is from 2 to 8;
q is from 1 to 8;
r is from 2 to 8; and
each R a is independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein —B— is:
—S—(CH 2 ) q —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p or
—NR a —C(O)—(CH 2 ) r —C(O)—NR a —(CH 2 ) p —;
wherein
p is from 2 to 8;
q is from 1 to 8;
r is from 2 to 8; and
each R a is independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
p is from 2 to 6;
q is from 1 to 3; and
r is 2 or 3.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein —B— is:
—S—CH 2 —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) 6 —; or
—NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 3 —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) 6 —.
11. The method of claim 2 , wherein the cOpR is coated with silica.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cOpR is a coated optical reporter particle having an upconverting phosphor (UCP) material comprising Yttrium oxysulfide.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical reporter marker has the composition of the formula II:
(UCP)-[A-R 1 —X—R 2 —C(O)—NR a —R 3 -(DNA)] m II
wherein:
m is an integer greater than 1;
UCP is an upconverting phosphor particle;
DNA is a single or double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid oligomer;
-A- is a group capable of covalently bonding to the surface of the Upconverting phosphor particle;
R 1 is C 2-8 alkylene,
R 2 is C 1-8 alkylene or —C(O)—C 1-8 alkylene-;
—X— is —O—, —S— or —NR a —;
R 3 is C 2-8 alkylene; and
R a is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the optical reporter composition is of the formula IV:
(UCP)-[O—(CH 2 ) s —NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) v -(DNA)] m IV
wherein:
s is from 2 to 6;
v is from 2 to 6; and
t is from 1 to 3.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the optical reporter composition is of the formula V:
(UCP)-[O—(CH 2 ) s —NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) u —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) v -(DNA)] m V
wherein:
s is from 2 to 6;
v is from 2 to 6; and
u is 2 or 3.
16. The method of claim 13 , the optical reporter composition is of the formula VI:
(UCP)-[O—(CH 2 ) 3 —S—CH 2 —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) 6 -(DNA)] m VI.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the optical reporter composition is of the formula VII:
(UCP)-[O—(CH 2 ) 3 —NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 3 —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) 6 -(DNA)] m VII.
18. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the cOpR comprises a visually detectable light emitting material selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent dye, a upconverting phosphor, a rare earth-doped ceramic powder, and a quantum dot.
19. The composition of claim 18 , where said light emitting material is excitable by UV light or infrared light.
20. The method of claim 2 , wherein the cOpR comprises at least one electromagnetic radiation emitting material.
21. The composition of claim 20 , where the electromagnetic emitting material is detectable by a device which provides a source selected from the group consisting of an infrared radiation source, a magnetic field source, a quantum dot and an electromagnetic pulse source.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a manufactured good, a painting, a painting and frame, a monetary paper, an ink, a fabric, a metal machined part, a CD-ROM, a tablet, and an electronic part.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical reporter marker applied to the article is associated with a database management system, wherein the database management system associates the optical reporter marker with said article.
24. A method for authenticating a particular good, comprising: providing a optical reporter marker linked by a linking group comprising an alkylene moiety, to at least one nucleic acid taggant, the nucleic acid taggant having a plurality of polymorphic double stranded (ds) DNA fragments, said plurality of polymorphic double stranded (ds) DNA fragments each having an artificial sequence obtained by restriction digestion and ligation of extracted DNA and having an identifiable portion;
applying the optical reporter marker to at least one particular good, wherein the good enters at least one supply chain;
locating and collecting a sample of the optical reporter marker from said particular good after said particular good has entered said supply chain; and
identifying said nucleic acid taggant in said particular good by identifying one or more of said plurality of polymorphic dsDNA fragments in said particular good and thereby authenticating the particular good as genuine.
25. A kit for authenticating articles comprising:
a container containing an optical reporter marker, the optical reporter marker having at least one light emitting upconverting phosphor particle linked by a linking group comprising an alkylene moiety, to a nucleic acid taggant, the nucleic acid taggant having a plurality of artificial polymorphic double stranded (ds) DNA fragments, said plurality of artificial polymorphic dsDNA fragments each having an artificial sequence obtained by restriction digestion and ligation of extracted DNA; and
an applicator for applying the optical reporter marker to the article.
26. A method for authenticating an article comprising the steps of:
providing an article having an optical reporter marker, the optical reporter marker having at least one light emitting upconverting phosphor particle covalently linked by a linking group comprising an alkylene moiety, to a nucleic acid taggant, the nucleic acid taggant having a plurality of polymorphic DNA fragments, said polymorphic DNA fragments each having an artificial sequence obtained by digestion and ligation of extracted DNA and having an identifiable portion,
applying the optical reporter marker to the article,
detecting the optical reporter marker associated with the article with a light source,
obtaining a sample of the optical reporter marker from the article for analysis,
analyzing the collected sample to detect the presence of the identifiable portion of the polymorphic DNA fragments covalently linked to the upconverting phosphor particle by performing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers to produce amplicons of a specific length; and
verifying that the article is genuine by detecting said specific amplicons by length.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein verifying that the article is genuine by detecting said polymorphic DNA fragments in said article comprises analyzing the specific lengths of said specific length amplicons by capillary electrophoresis.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein said polymorphic DNA fragments are non-heritable.
29. The method of claim 22 , wherein said article is a painting or a painting and frame.
30. The method of claim 24 , wherein said identifying one or more of said plurality of polymorphic dsDNA fragments is by detecting specific length amplicons amplified from said one or more polymorphic DNA fragments.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein said detecting specific length amplicons amplified from said one or more polymorphic DNA fragments is by capillary electrophoresis.
32. The kit according to claim 25 , further comprising a light source suitable for detecting the optical reporter.
33. The kit according to claim 25 , further comprising a collection tool for taking a sample from the article.
34. The method of claim 26 , wherein said detecting said specific amplicons by length is by capillary electrophoresis.