Electromyography system
Methods for determining structural integrity of a bone within the spine of a patient, the bone having a first aspect and a second aspect, wherein the second aspect separated from the first aspect by a width and located adjacent to a spinal nerve. The methods involve (a) applying an electrical stimulus to the first aspect of the bone; (b) electrically monitoring a muscle myotome associated with the spinal nerve to detect if an onset neuro-muscular response occurs in response to the application of the electrical stimulus to the first aspect of the bone; (c) automatically increasing the magnitude of the electrical stimulus to until the onset neuro-muscular response is detected; and (d) communicating to a user via at least one of visual and audible means information representing the magnitude of the electrical stimulus which caused the onset neuro-muscular response.
1. A method for testing the structural integrity of a spinal pedicle of a patient through a minimally invasive operative corridor to detect a defect in the structural integrity of a pedicle wall surrounding a pedicle screw path formed through the pedicle, said method comprising:
(a) advancing an elongate element to said pedicle via a minimally invasive approach through said patient;
(b) advancing a stimulation element through said elongate element to said pedicle, said stimulation element communicatively linked to a controller that directs application of an electrical stimulus;
(c) applying an electrical stimulus to said pedicle via said stimulation element;
(d) electrically monitoring with a sensor communicatively linked to said controller a muscle myotome associated with a spinal nerve lying adjacent to said pedicle to detect if an onset neuro-muscular response occurs in response to the application of said electrical stimulus;
(e) said controller automatically adjusting the magnitude of the electrical stimulus until said onset neuro-muscular response is detected, said controller determining the electrical stimulus magnitude that caused said onset neuro-muscular response;
(f) said controller interpreting the electrical stimulus magnitude which caused said onset neuro-muscular response and outputting an indicator indicative of the structural integrity of the pedicle; and
(g) redirecting the pedicle screw path when a defect in the structural integrity of the pedicle wall is indicated.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said stimulation element comprises at least one of a probe and a surgical tool, and step (c) involves applying said electrical stimulus from an electrode disposed on the distal end of said at least one of a probe and surgical tool.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said pedicle is disposed within one of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar region of the patient's spine.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said onset neuro-muscular response is an electromyography response from a muscle coupled to said spinal nerve.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor of step (d) is an EMG electrode electrically coupled to said muscle myotome.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the indicator of step (f) is a visual indicator.
7. The method of claim 1 and further, wherein the indicator of step (f) is an audible indicator.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (c) involves applying said electrical stimulus to a proximal end of a pedicle screw inserted into said pedicle along said pedicle screw path.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said elongate element comprises a cannula.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical stimulus comprises a plurality of current pulses.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of current pulses are automatically increased in constant increments over time until said onset neuromuscular response is determined.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of electrical stimulus pulses are increased incrementally within a range including a minimum stimulation current level and a maximum stimulation current intensity.
13. A method for performing pedicle integrity assessments with minimal tissue disruption to detect a defect in the structural integrity of a pedicle wall surrounding a pedicle screw path formed through the pedicle, said method comprising:
(a) advancing a minimally invasive cannula via a minimally invasive approach to a pedicle target site within a patient;
(b) delivering a stimulation signal to said pedicle target site via a stimulation element disposed through said cannula, said stimulation element communicatively linked to a controller that directs application of the electrical stimulus; and
(c) electrically monitoring with a sensor communicatively linked to said controller a muscle myotome innervated by a nerve adjacent to said pedicle to detect when an onset neuro-muscular response occurs in a muscle myotome innervated by said nerve in response to the delivery of said stimulation signal and determine the intensity level of the electrical stimulus that causes said onset neuro-muscular response;
(d) said controller interpreting the determined intensity level of the electrical stimulus that caused said onset neuro-muscular response and outputting at least one of visual and audible indicia indicative of the structural integrity of the pedicle; and
(e) redirecting the pedicle screw path when a defect in the structural integrity of the pedicle wall is indicated.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein step (b) comprises automatically increasing the intensity level of the stimulation signal until said onset neuro-muscular response is detected.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein step (b) further comprises delivering said stimulation signal as a plurality of electrical stimulus pulses that increase over time.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of electrical stimulus pulses comprises current pulses varied incrementally within a range including a minimum stimulation current intensity and a maximum stimulation current intensity.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein said onset neuro-muscular response is an electromyography response from a muscle coupled to said nerves.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein said sensor is an EMG electrode electrically coupled to said muscle myotome.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein said pedicle target site is a proximal end of a pedicle screw implanted in said pedicle along said pedicle screw path.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein said pedicle is within one of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the patient's spine.
21. The method of claim 13 , wherein said stimulation element comprises at least one of a probe and a surgical tool, and step (b) involves delivering said stimulation signal from an electrode disposed on the distal end of said at least one of a probe and surgical tool.
22. The method of claim 13 , wherein step (d) involves visually indicating an intensity level of the stimulus that evoked the onset neuro-muscular response for said nerve and illuminating lights which correspond to predetermined warnings.
23. The method of claim 13 , wherein step (d) involves sounding an alarm if said determined intensity level is less than a predetermined intensity level.