Varactors and methods of manufacture and use

1. A method of manufacturing a varactor, comprising:

providing a substrate;

positioning a bottom electrode on a surface of the substrate;

placing a tunable dielectric material adjacent to and extending over said bottom electrode forming a step and in contact with a top electrode; and

placing an interconnect layer in contact with said bottom electrode, said tunable dielectric and said top electrode, wherein the interconnect layer comprises first and second portions, wherein the first portion is in contact with the bottom electrode and the tunable dielectric, and wherein the second portion is in contact with the top electrode and the tunable dielectric.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said top or bottom electrode comprises one of: gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, platinum-rhodium, and ruthenium oxide, indium tin oxide.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing a dielectric interlayer in contact with the top electrode, the tunable dielectric and the second portion of the interconnect layer.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing an encapsulation layer between the first and second portions of the interconnect layer.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing a dielectric interlayer between the second portion of the interconnect layer and the tunable dielectric.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing a dielectric interlayer between the second portion of the interconnect layer and the top electrode.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing an adhesion layer between the bottom electrode and the substrate; or between the bottom electrode and the tunable dielectric; or between the tunable dielectric and the top electrode; or between the top electrode and the interconnect layer.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one electrode contains multi metallic layers.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein all electrodes contain multi metallic layers.

10. A method of manufacturing a varactor, comprising:

providing a substrate;

positioning a plurality of bottom electrodes on a surface of the substrate to form a gap therein;

placing a tunable dielectric material on the surface of the substrate and within the gap, wherein the tunable dielectric at least partially overlays the plurality of electrodes;

placing a top electrode in contact with the tunable dielectric; and

placing a plurality of interconnects on a surface of the plurality of bottom electrodes enabling a connection to a voltage source.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising placing an encapsulation layer between the interconnect layers and the top electrode.

12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising placing a dielectric interlayer between one of the interconnect layers and the top electrode.

13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising placing an encapsulation layer over a portion of the interconnect layers, the top electrode and a dielectric interlayer.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the top electrode is a pair of top electrodes with a dielectric interlayer therebetween.

15. The method of claim 10 , further comprising placing an adhesion layer between the bottom electrode and the substrate; or between the bottom electrode and the tunable dielectric materials; or between the tunable dielectric material and at least one of the interconnects.

16. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least one electrode contains multi metallic layers.

17. The method of claim 10 , wherein all electrodes contain multi metallic layers.

18. A method of manufacturing a varactor, comprising:

providing a substrate;

positioning a plurality of bottom electrodes on a surface of the substrate separated to form a gap therein;

placing a tunable dielectric material on the surface of the substrate and within the gap, wherein the tunable dielectric at least partially overlays the plurality of electrodes;

placing a top electrode in contact with the tunable dielectric; and

placing an adhesion layer between the bottom electrode and the substrate; or between the bottom electrode and the tunable dielectric materials; or between the tunable dielectric and the top electrode or the interconnect layer; or between the top electrode and the interconnect layer.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein at least one electrode contains multi metallic layers.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein all electrodes contain multi metallic layers.