Media access control (MAC) for an active RFID system
View Patent ↗A system of radio frequency communication between Readers and Tags having a scalable Media Access Control (MAC) protocol for an active RFID system employing multiple access. The system comprising at least one tag Reader and a plurality of Tags each having a unique tag ID and deployed in a region in which at least some of the Tags are in radio communication with the tag Reader A multi-dimensional addressing scheme of the MAC protocol enables division of the plurality of Tags into a number of groups for different stages of MAC protocol processing, based on different portions of the tag ID. The MAC has an inherent flexibility in the sense that it allows readers to communicate with different versions of tags and also optimize communication parameters to reader's capabilities, without pre-configuration of the tags. Furthermore, the MAC supports means to achieve very high access reliability, such as relay between tags.
1. A system for radio frequency communication between Readers and Tags, the system comprising;
(a) at least one tag Reader;
(b) a plurality of Tags deployed in a region in which at least some of the Tags are in radio communication with said tag Reader, at least some tags are in radio communication with other Tags in said plurality of Tags, and each tag is associated with a unique tag ID; and
(c) a Media Access Control protocol according to which:
said tag Reader is configured to send and receive radio communications to and from at least some of said plurality of Tags,
said plurality of Tags are configured to send and receive radio communications to and from said tag Reader and other Tags in said plurality of Tags, wherein said plurality of Tags are divided into groups based on at least part of the unique ID of each tag, and
wherein said tag Reader is configured to initiate a relay session after a rate of direct replies from said plurality of tags falls below a predetermined threshold, wherein initiation of the relay session causes at least one of the Tags to relay radio communications to or from another Tag that has not received the radio communication from said tag Reader.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein a portion of said tag ID is used by said tag Reader to indicate to at least one tag of said plurality of Tags that said tag Reader received a said radio communication from that particular tag.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein according to said Media Access Control protocol said radio communications between said tag Reader and said plurality of Tags are controlled, and said radio communications use a combination of a session ID, acknowledgements, and use of other tags as relays for radio communications; and
wherein each broadcast message is given a respective session ID, and at least one Tag of said plurality of Tags is configured to reply to radio communications having a particular session ID until said at least one Tag receives an acknowledgement radio communication having the same session ID.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein according to said Media Access Control protocol said tag Reader is configured to send an acknowledgment radio communication having a particular session ID comprising acknowledgments from more than one of the plurality of Tags that responded to a radio communications having the particular session ID wherein said acknowledgments comprise a sub-address for each of the plurality of Tags that responded.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Tags are assigned a pseudo-random ID based on the unique tag ID and a hash function and wherein the plurality of Tags are divided into groups based on one or more parts of the pseudo-random ID.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein initiation of a relay session comprises said tag Reader being configured to send a relay radio communication that causes at least one tag of said plurality of Tags that has already received an acknowledgement radio communication having a same session ID as the relay radio communication to forward the relay radio communication to or from another Tag.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein at least one tag of said plurality of Tags is configured to respond to said relay radio communication if said at least one Tag has not previously received a radio communication having the same session ID as said relay radio communication.
8. A system for radio frequency communication between Readers and Tags, the system comprising;
(a) at least one tag Reader;
(b) a plurality of Tags deployed in a region in which at least some of the Tags are in radio communication with said tag Reader, and wherein at least some tags are in radio communication with other Tags in said plurality of Tags; and
(c) a Media Access Control protocol according to which:
said tag Reader is configured to send and receive radio communications to and from at least some of said plurality of Tags,
said plurality of Tags are configured to send and receive radio communications to and from said tag Reader and other Tags in said plurality of Tags, and
said Media Access Control protocol is configured to control said radio communication between said tag Reader and said plurality of Tags;
wherein said Media Access Control protocol includes tag reply parameters in each said radio communication so as to enable tags to respond to said tag Reader in a manner that is compatible with that tag Reader's capabilities, wherein said tag reply parameters comprise indications of the tag Reader's capabilities; and
wherein said plurality of Tags includes at least one Tag that is configured to transmit or receive a given radio communication, said given radio communication including a block of variable length wherein a first generation receiving Tag is configured to forward said block without modification and a second generation receiving Tag is configured to decode and modify said block.
9. A system for radio frequency communication between Readers and Tags, the system comprising;
(a) at least one tag Reader;
(b) a plurality of Tags deployed in a region in which at least some of the Tags are in radio communication with said tag Reader, at least some tags are in radio communication with other Tags in said plurality of Tags, and each tag is associated with a unique tag ID; and
(c) a Media Access Control protocol according to which:
said tag Reader is configured to send and receive radio communications to and from at least some of said plurality of Tags,
said plurality of Tags are configured to send and receive radio communications to and from said tag Reader and other Tags in said plurality of Tags, wherein said plurality of Tags are divided into groups based on at least part of the unique ID of each tag, and
said Media Access Control protocol is configured to control said radio communication between said tag Reader and said plurality of Tags;
wherein said radio communication includes an indication of a payload start point, and wherein each tag Reader and/or Tag is configured to decode that portion of said Media Access Control protocol with which the respective generation of tag Reader and/or Tag is familiar, ignore that portion of said Media Access Control protocol with which the respective generation of tag Reader and/or Tag is unfamiliar, and jump to said payload start point, thereby allowing tag Readers to communicate with a mixture of tag generations;
wherein said tag Reader is configured to initiate a relay session after a rate of direct replies from said plurality of Tags falls below a predetermined threshold, wherein initiation of the relay session causes at least one of the Tags to relay radio communications to or from another Tag that has not received the radio communication from said tag Reader.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of Tags are assigned a pseudo-random ID based on the unique tag ID and a hash function and wherein the plurality of Tags are divided into groups based on one or more parts of the pseudo-random ID.
11. The system of claim 9 , wherein initiation of a relay session comprises said tag Reader being configured to send a relay radio communication that causes at least one tag of said plurality of Tags that has already received an acknowledgement radio communication having a same session ID as the relay radio communication to forward the relay radio communication to or from another Tag.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein at least one tag of said plurality of Tags is configured to respond to said relay radio communication if said at least one Tag has not previously received a radio communication having the same session ID as said relay radio communication.
13. A system for radio frequency communication between Readers and Tags, the system comprising;
(a) at least one tag Reader;
(b) a plurality of Tags deployed in a region in which at least some of the Tags are in radio communication with said tag Reader, wherein at least some tags are in radio communication with other Tags in said plurality of Tags; and
(c) a Media Access Control protocol according to which:
said tag Reader is configured to send and receive radio communications to and from at least some of said plurality of Tags,
said plurality of Tags are configured to send and receive radio communication to and from said tag Reader and other Tags in said plurality of Tags, and
said Media Access Control protocol is configured to control said radio communication between said tag Reader and said plurality of Tags;
wherein said plurality of tags includes at least one Tag that is configured to transmit or receive a given radio communication, said given radio communication including a block of variable length wherein a first generation receiving Tag is configured to forward said block without modification and a second generation receiving Tag is configured to decode and modify said block.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein said radio communication includes an indication of payload start point, and each generation of tag Readers and/or Tags decode a portion of said Media Access Control protocol with which the respective generation of tag Readers and/or Tags is familiar, ignore that portion of said Media Access Control protocol with which the respective generation of tag Readers and/or Tags is unfamiliar, and jump to said payload start point thereby allowing tag Readers to efficiently communicate with a mixture of tag generations and/or tag versions.