Methods for preventing a dry fire condition and a water heater incorporating same
Methods of determining the likelihood of the existence of a dry fire condition in a hot water heater without requiring energization of any of the heating elements are presented. Such methods utilize only the sensor inputs required for normal operation of the hot water heater. Such sensory inputs are characterized in a process of fuzzification to enable the utilization of fuzzy logic rules to determine the likelihood of a dry fire condition before any energization of a heating element occurs. Alternatively, the sensory inputs are assigned logical values and are processed using Boolean logic to determine if a dry fire condition exists, prior to the energization of any electrical heating element within the hot water heater. Upon the determination that a dry fire condition is likely, the controller may perform a soft or hard lockout, may allow reset(s), and may provide an indication to the user of the condition.
1. A method of preventing a dry fire condition in a liquid heating appliance having a tank in which liquid is heated by at least one electrical heating element, the appliance including at least one sensor required for normal operation thereof, comprising the steps of:
without energizing the at least one electrical heating element, reading the at least one sensor and determining whether a dry fire condition would occur if the heating element were energized based on the reading of the at least one sensor; and
when the step of determining indicates that a dry fire condition is not likely, allowing energization of the at least one electrical heating element under normal control; and
when the step of determining indicates that a dry fire condition is likely, disabling energization of the at least one electrical heating element for at least a period of time;
wherein the step of determining comprises the steps of:
calculating a temperature parameter from the reading of the at least one sensor;
characterizing the temperature parameter into a fuzzy value;
applying at least one fuzzy logic rule to the fuzzy value; and
performing defuzzification of a result of the step of applying to determine if a dry fire condition is likely or not if energization of the at least one electrical heating element is permitted.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of characterizing the temperature parameter comprises the steps of:
assigning a value of one when the temperature parameter is below approximately 67 degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a value of zero when the temperature parameter is above approximately 78 degrees Fahrenheit; and
assigning a value from zero to one when the temperature parameter is between approximately 78 degrees Fahrenheit and approximately 67 degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a predefined function.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of characterizing the temperature parameter comprises the steps of:
assigning a value of one when the temperature parameter is approximately equal to 77 degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a value of zero when the temperature parameter is greater than approximately 87 degrees Fahrenheit or less than approximately 67 degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a value from zero to one when the temperature parameter is greater than approximately 67 degrees Fahrenheit and less than approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a first predefined function; and
assigning a value from one to zero when the temperature parameter is greater than approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit and less than approximately 87 degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a second predefined function.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises two temperature sensors; wherein the step of calculating the temperature parameter comprises the step of calculating a delta temperature between readings from each of the two temperature sensors, and further comprising the steps of:
assigning a value of zero when the delta temperature is greater than or equal to approximately five degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a value of one when the delta temperature is approximately equal to zero; and
assigning a value from zero to one when the delta temperature is between approximately minus five degrees Fahrenheit and zero degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a first predefined function; and
assigning a value from one to zero when the delta temperature is between approximately zero degrees Fahrenheit and approximately five degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a second predefined function.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises two temperature sensors; wherein the step of calculating the temperature parameter comprises the step of calculating a delta temperature between readings from each of the two temperature sensors, and further comprising the steps of:
assigning a value of one when the delta temperature is greater than or equal to approximately five degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a value of zero when the delta temperature is approximately equal to zero; and
assigning a value from one to zero when the delta temperature is between approximately minus five degrees Fahrenheit and zero degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a first predefined function; and
assigning a value from zero to one when the delta temperature is between approximately zero degrees Fahrenheit and approximately five degrees Fahrenheit in accordance with a second predefined function.
6. A method of preventing a dry fire condition in a liquid heating appliance having a tank in which liquid is heated by at least one electrical heating element, the appliance including at least one sensor required for normal operation thereof, comprising the steps of:
without energizing the at least one electrical heating element, reading the at least one sensor and determining whether a dry fire condition would occur if the heating element were energized based on the reading of the at least one sensor; and
when the step of determining indicates that a dry fire condition is not likely, allowing energization of the at least one electrical heating element under normal control; and
when the step of determining indicates that a dry fire condition is likely, disabling energization of the at least one electrical heating element for at least a period of time;
wherein the step of determining comprises the steps of:
calculating a temperature parameter from the reading of the at least one sensor;
assigning logical values to the temperature parameter; and
applying at least one Boolean logic rule to the logical value to determine if a dry fire condition is likely or not if energization of the at least one electrical heating element is permitted.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the step of assigning logical values comprises the steps of:
assigning a logical true when the temperature parameter is less than approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit; and
assigning a logical false when the temperature parameter is greater than approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the step of assigning logical values comprises the steps of:
assigning a logical true when the temperature parameter is equal to approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit; and
assigning a logical false when the temperature parameter is not equal to approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises two temperature sensors; wherein the step of calculating the temperature parameter comprises the step of calculating a delta temperature between readings from each of the two temperature sensors, and further comprising the steps of:
assigning a logical true when the delta temperature is between approximately negative five degrees Fahrenheit and approximately five degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a logical false when the delta temperature is greater than approximately five degrees Fahrenheit; and
assigning a logical false when the delta temperature is less than approximately negative five degrees Fahrenheit.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises two temperature sensors; wherein the step of calculating the temperature parameter comprises the step of calculating a delta temperature between readings from each of the two temperature sensors, and further comprising the steps of:
assigning a logical false when the delta temperature is between approximately negative five degrees Fahrenheit and approximately five degrees Fahrenheit;
assigning a logical true when the delta temperature is greater than approximately five degrees Fahrenheit; and
assigning a logical true when the delta temperature is less than approximately negative five degrees Fahrenheit.