Pulse-to-Pulse-Switchable Multiple-Energy Linear Accelerators Based on Fast RF Power Switching
A method and apparatus for modulating at least one of energy and current of an electron beam in a linac for fast switching of particle beam energy on a time scale comparable with, and shorter than, the interval between linac pulses. Such modulation may be achieved by dividing, in a coupler, a radio-frequency (RF) field into field components and coherently adding these components in a phase shifting section to selectively direct the RF field to a chosen section of the linac. The phase shifting section may include at least one arm containing at least one fast switch and at least one phase changer. In specific embodiments, the phase shifting section may include an electronically controlled plasma switch and a plasma short.
1 . A method for modulating at least one of energy and current of an electron beam in a linear accelerator, the linear accelerator powered by a radio frequency (RF) source generating an RF field characterized by a phase, the method comprising
coupling RF power into an accelerator section; and
modulating the RF power, coupled into the accelerator section, by post-generation modulation of the RF field.
2 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein post-generation modulation includes selective direction of the RF field on the basis of the phase of the field.
3 . A method according to claim 2 , further comprising dividing the RF field into components, wherein selective direction of the RF field is based on coherent addition of the components of the RF field.
4 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the RF source is a magnetron.
5 . A method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
applying constant RF power to another accelerator section coupled with the accelerator section.
6 . A method according to claim 5 , wherein the another accelerator section is coupled in series with the accelerator section.
7 . A method according to claim 5 , wherein the another accelerator section is coupled in parallel with the accelerator section.
8 . A method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
applying modulated RF power to another accelerator section coupled with the accelerator section.
9 . A method according to claim 8 , wherein the another accelerator section is coupled in parallel with the accelerator section and applying the modulated RF power includes applying RF power modulated by post-generation modulation of the RF field based on coherent addition of the components of the RF field.
10 . A method according to claim 8 , wherein applying the modulated RF power includes switching the RF power on and off.
11 . A method according to claim 3 , wherein dividing the RF field into the components includes using a hybrid RF coupler.
12 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the modulation of the at least one of energy and current of the electron beam includes the modulating at a rate from about 25 to 1,000 pulses per second.
13 . A switch system for modulation of at least one of energy and current of an electron beam in a linear accelerator, the linear accelerators powered by a radio frequency (RF) source generating an RF field characterized by a phase, the switch system comprising:
an hybrid coupler for dividing the generated RF field into components; and
an RF phase-shifting section for receiving the components of the RF field from the hybrid coupler,
the switch system coherently adding the field components.
14 . A switch system according to claim 13 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section is configured to redirect the RF field components to the hybrid coupler.
15 . A switch system according claim 13 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section is configured to redirect the RF field components to another hybrid coupler of the switch system.
16 . A switch system according to claim 13 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section comprises at least one arm, the at least one arm having at least one fast switch and at least one phase changer, the at least one fast switch and the at least one phase changer disposed in mutually variable relationship.
17 . A switch system according to claim 16 , wherein the phase changer includes a plasma short
18 . A switch system according to claim 16 , wherein the modulation of at least one of energy and current of the electron beam in a linear accelerator includes the modulation at a rate from about 25 to about 1,000 pulses per second.
19 . A switch system according to claim 16 , wherein the at least one fast switch includes an electronically controlled plasma switch.
20 . A linear accelerator comprising:
at least one accelerator section; and
a switch system for modulation of at least one of energy and current of an electron beam in a linear accelerator, the switch system including:
an hybrid coupler for dividing the generated RF field into components; and
an RF phase-shifting section for receiving the RF field components from the hybrid coupler,
the switch system for coherently adding the RF field components.
21 . A linear accelerator according to claim 20 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section comprises at least one arm, the at least one arm having at least one fast switch and at least one phase changer, the at least one fast switch and the at least one phase changer disposed in mutually variable relationship.
22 . A linear accelerator according to claim 20 , wherein the modulation of at least one of energy and current of the electron beam in a linear accelerator includes the modulation at a rate from about 25 to about 1,000 pulses per second.
23 . A linear accelerator according to claim 20 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section is configured to redirect the RF field components to the hybrid coupler.
24 . A linear accelerator according to claim 20 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section is configured to redirect the RF field components to another hybrid coupler of the switch system.
25 . An inspection system for inspecting an object using penetrating radiation, the inspection system comprising
a linear accelerator according to claim 20 for generating penetrating radiation; and
a detector for detecting the penetrating radiation after interaction with the object.
26 . An inspection system in accordance with claim 25 , wherein the RF phase-shifting section comprises at least one arm, the at least one arm having at least one fast switch and at least one phase changer, the at least one fast switch and the at least one phase changer disposed in mutually variable relationship.