Monitoring of optical transmission systems based on cross-correlation operation

1. A method for measuring a distribution of reflectivity along a fiber-optic transmission link connected to an optical transmitter, the method comprising the steps of:

(a-1) filtering a data signal transmitted by the optical transmitter by using a low-pass filter;

(a-2) detecting a back-reflected optical signal that returns to the optical transmitter and converting it to an electrical signal;

(a-3) filtering the detected back-reflected optical signal by using a low-pass filter;

(a-4) calculating a cross-correlation function, q(τ), between the filtered data signal and the filtered back-reflected optical signal, wherein τ is time and the cross-correlation function q(τ) is obtained by ensemble average of the filtered data signal and the filtered back-reflected optical signal; and

(a-5) converting time axis of the calculated cross-correlation function q(τ) from time τ to distance z from the optical transmitter and obtaining the distribution of the reflectivity as R(z)=k·q(2z/ν c ), wherein ν c is the group velocity of light in the fiber and the coefficient k is obtained based on an average input power to the fiber-optic transmission link and a conversion efficiency of an optical detection means.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the low-pass filtering in the (a-1) and (a-3) steps is performed with a cut-off frequency lower than the bandwidth of the data signal.

3. The method according to claim 1 , in order to improve a signal-to-noise ratio of the cross-correlation function obtained by the (a-4) step of claim 1 , the method further comprising the steps of:

(b-1) finding a highest discrete reflection point in the cross-correlation function;

(b-2) calculating an autocorrelation function of the filtered data signal;

(b-3) estimating a background noise component from the reflectivity of the discrete reflection point found in the (b-1) step and the autocorrelation function obtained in the (b-2) step;

(b-4) subtracting the estimated background noise from the cross-correlation function; and

(b-5) applying the steps from (b-1) to (b-4) recursively.

4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the steps from (b-1) to (b-5) are performed in signal processing means.

5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising a step of averaging the cross-correlation function obtained in the (a-4) step to improve a signal-to-noise ratio of the distribution of the reflectivity.

6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the averaging step is performed in signal processing means.

7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising a step of averaging the distribution of the reflectivity obtained in the (a-5) step to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured reflectivity.

8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the averaging step is performed in signal processing means.

9. An apparatus for monitoring a fault in a fiber-optic transmission link connected to an optical transmitter which is modulated with a data signal by measuring a distribution of reflectivity along the link, the apparatus comprising:

optical directional coupling means for taking out a back-reflected signal returned from the fiber-optic transmission link to the optical transmitter, located between the optical transmitter and the fiber-optic transmission link;

optical detection means for detecting the back-reflected signal as an electronic signal;

a first low pass filter for extracting a low frequency component of the back-reflected signal with a cut-off frequency lower than the data signal;

a second low pass filter for extracting the low frequency component of the data signal with a cut-off frequency lower than the data signal;

data acquisition means for converting the filtered back-reflected signal and the filtered data signal; and

signal processing means for calculating a cross-correlation function, q(τ), between the filtered data signal and the filtered back-reflected signal, wherein τ is time and the cross-correlation function q(τ) is obtained by ensemble average of the filtered data signal and the filtered back-reflected signal, and converting time axis of the calculated cross-correlation function q(τ) from the time τ to distance z from the optical transmitter and obtaining the distribution of the reflectivity as R(z)=k·q(2z/ν c ), wherein ν c is the group velocity of light in the fiber and the coefficient k is obtained based on an average input power to the fiber-optic transmission link and a conversion efficiency of the optical detection means.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the optical directional coupling means is an optical isolator.

11. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the optical directional coupling means is an optical coupler.

12. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the fiber-optic transmission link includes an optical network.

13. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the fiber-optic transmission link includes a passive optical network comprising a drop fiber cable, a remote node, and feeder fiber cables connected to subscribers.