Treatment of odors using nanocrystalline metal oxides
Methods of removing odors, particularly odors within enclosed environments are provided which employ nanocrystalline metal oxide and metal hydroxide particles. The nanocrystalline particles are dispersed within an enclosed space so as to contact exposed surfaces located within the space such as walls, floors, upholstery, and the like and adsorb odor-causing materials located within the enclosed space.
1. A method of deodorizing an enclosed space by removing a malodorous substance present in said space comprising:
(a) contacting said malodorous substance with a quantity of nanocrystalline particles consisting of a member selected from the group consisting of metal oxides and metal hydroxides for sorbing said substance, said particles presenting an average crystallite size of less than about 25 nm and an average surface area of at least 15 m 2 /g.
2. The method according to claim 1 , said nanocrystalline particles being incorporated into filtration media, and said contacting step comprising passing air from said enclosed space through said filtration media for removal of at least a portion of said malodorous substance from said air.
3. The method according to claim 1 , said malodorous substance being selected from the group consisting of urine, feces, sweat, decaying biological material, pesticides, organic solvents, volatile organic compounds, and combinations thereof.
4. The method according to claim 3 , said pesticide being selected from the group consisting of acephate, azinphos-methyl, bensulide, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, chiorthiophos, coumaphos, dialiflor, diazinon, dichlorvos (DDVP), dicrotophos, dimethoate, dioxathion, disulfoton, ethion, ethoprop, ethyl parathion, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fonofos, isazophos methyl, isofenphos, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methyl parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, oxydemeton methyl, parathion, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phostebupirim, pirimiphos methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, sulfotepp, sulprofos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, tribufos (DEF), trichlorfon, and combinations thereof.
5. The method according to claim 3 , said malodorous substance being selected from the group consisting of acrolein, acetone, ethanolamine, diesel fuel, formaldehyde, hydrofluoric acid, methanol, methylene chloride, nitric acid, nitrobenzene, phosphoric acid, polyvinyl alcohol, sulfuric acid, thiourea, toluene, thriethanolamine, methyl acrylate, acetic acid, methylpyrazines, acrylonitrile, nonvolatile nitrosamines, crotonaldehyde, N-nitrosamines, carboxylic acids, phenols, DDT/delirin, pyrrolidine, dimethylntrosamine, stearic acid, ethylamine, trimethylamine, vinyl chloride, furfural, and combinations thereof.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said enclosed space presents a plurality of exposed surfaces which at least in part define said enclosed space, step (a) comprising dispersing said nanocrystalline particles into said enclosed space, said particles contacting said exposed surfaces for sorbing odors and odor-causing materials within said enclosed space.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein said method further comprises after said contacting step, (b) removing at least some of said particles from said enclosed space after a predetermined length of time.
8. The method according to claim 7 , said method further comprising prior to step (a), (c) cleaning at least a portion of said exposed surfaces in said enclosed space to remove loose dirt or debris thereon.
9. The method according to claim 8 , at least some of said exposed surfaces comprising a textile material.
10. The method according to claim 9 , said textile material being selected from the group consisting of carpets, upholstery, fabrics, leather, paper products, and combinations thereof.
11. The method according to claim 9 , said method further comprising subsequent to step (c) and prior to step (a), treating at least a portion of said textile material surfaces with water and, optionally, a cleaning agent.
12. The method according to claim 11 , said textile surfaces being damp while performing step (a).
13. The method according to claim 11 , step (b) comprising treating said textile surfaces with water so as to remove at least a portion of said particles from said textile material.
14. The method according to claim 13 , the step of treating said textile surfaces with water being performed using a steam cleaner or wet vacuum.
15. The method according to claim 13 , after the step of treating said textile surfaces with water, drying all surfaces within said enclosed space, thereby leaving a powder residue of said particles on at least a portion of said textile surfaces.
16. The method according to claim 15 , step (b) further comprising removing at least a portion of said powder residue using a dry vacuum or compressed air.
17. The method according to claim 16 , step (b) further comprising cleaning at least a portion of said exposed surfaces which do not comprise a textile material with a cleaning agent.
18. The method according to claim 17 , step (b) further comprising, after removing said powder residue from said textile surfaces, treating at least a portion of said textile surfaces with water to remove further quantities of particles remaining in said textile materials.
19. The method according to claim 17 , said dispersion comprising between about 10-500 g/L of said particles and from about 0.1-10 g/L of a surfactant dispersed in an aqueous medium.
20. The method according to claim 11 , said particles being dispersed into said enclosed space as a powder.
21. The method according to claim 20 , said particles being dispersed by spraying said particles directly onto said exposed surfaces or by creating a fog of said particles within said enclosed space.
22. The method according to claim 21 , said particles being substantially uniformly dispersed within said enclosed space.
23. The method according to claim 22 , said particles being dispersed by creating a fog of said particles that is substantially uniformly dispersed within said enclosed space, said particles being present in said fog at a level of between about 0.1-100 g/m 3 .
24. The method according to claim 6 , step (a) comprising applying a liquid dispersion including said particles to at least some of said exposed surfaces within said enclosed space.
25. The method according to claim 1 , said enclosed space being selected from the group consisting of enclosed stationary environments and enclosed mobile environments.
26. The method according to claim 1 , said particles being selected from the group consisting of metal oxides and hydroxides of Mg, Sr, Ba, Ca, Ti, Zr, Fe, V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Al, Si, Zn, Ag, Mo, Sb, and mixtures thereof.