Secondary battery with auxiliary electrode

1. A three-dimensional secondary battery cell comprising:

an electrolyte;

a cathode, having a surface in contact with the electrolyte;

an anode, having a surface in contact with the electrolyte and wherein the anode is electrolytically coupled to the cathode; and

an auxiliary electrode, having a surface in contact with the electrolyte, wherein the auxiliary electrode is electrically coupled and electrolytically coupled the cathode and/or to the anode, and the average distance between the surface of the auxiliary electrode and the surface of the coupled cathode or the coupled anode is between about 1 micron and about 10,000 microns, the average distance between the surface of the auxiliary electrode and the surface of the coupled cathode or the coupled anode being the average of the shortest path for ion transfer from every point on the coupled cathode or anode to the auxiliary electrode.

2. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the average distance between the surface of the auxiliary electrode and the surface of the coupled cathode or the coupled anode is between about 5 microns and about 1000 microns.

3. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the average distance between the surface of the auxiliary electrode and the surface of the coupled cathode or the coupled anode is between about 10 microns and about 500 microns.

4. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the auxiliary electrode is electrically coupled and electrolytically coupled to the cathode.

5. The secondary battery cell of claim 4 , wherein the auxiliary electrode functions as an auxiliary cathode.

6. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprise a cathode material, wherein the cathode material is atmospherically unstable in its carrier-ion-inserted form.

7. The secondary battery cell of claim 6 , wherein the cathode material comprises titanium sulfide, molybdenum sulfide or vanadium oxide.

8. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the auxiliary electrode is electrically coupled and electrolytically coupled to the anode.

9. The secondary battery cell of claim 8 wherein the auxiliary electrode functions as an auxiliary anode.

10. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprise an anode material, wherein the anode material is atmospherically unstable in its carrier-ion-inserted form.

11. The secondary battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the anode material comprises silicon, germanium, carbon, tin, aluminum, mixtures of transition metals and silicon, or lithium titanate.

12. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprise an anode material, wherein the anode material is atmospherically unstable in its carrier-ion-inserted form and wherein the cathode comprise a cathode material, wherein the cathode material is atmospherically unstable in its carrier-ion-inserted form.

13. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the auxiliary electrode comprises a plurality of electrode elements.

14. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte.

15. A secondary battery comprising the secondary battery cell of claim 1 .

16. The secondary battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell has been cycled and the cathode or the anode has been replenished by the auxiliary electrode.

17. A system comprising the secondary battery cell of claim 1 , and further comprising: a sensor for sensing the voltage of the cathode and/or the anode relative to the auxiliary electrode, wherein the sensor is electrically coupled to the cathode and/or the anode at which the voltage is sensed and to the auxiliary electrode; and a controller electrically coupled to the sensor, wherein the controller controls the voltage or the current in a load or charge circuit between the cathode and anode according to the sensed voltage.

18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a memory unit coupled to the sensor, wherein the memory unit stores data about the sensed voltage.

19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the memory unit is coupled to the controller and the controller controls the voltage or the current in the load/charge circuit according to the data stored in the memory unit.

20. The system of claim 18 , wherein the controller causes the auxiliary electrode to replenish at least one of the cathode or anode according to the data stored in the memory unit.

21. The system of claim 17 , wherein the controller causes the auxiliary electrode to replenish at least one of the cathode or anode according to the sensed voltage.

22. A secondary battery comprising the system of claim 17 .

23. A secondary battery comprising a plurality of the secondary battery cells of claim 1 , wherein the cathodes of the plurality of cells are electrically coupled, the anodes of the plurality of cells are electrically coupled, and the auxiliary electrodes of the plurality of cells are electrically coupled.

24. A method of preparing a replenished secondary battery cell comprising: obtaining the secondary battery cell of claim 1 ; cycling the anode and cathode of the cell; and replenishing the coupled cathode or the coupled anode with carrier ions from the auxiliary electrode.

25. The method of claim 24 , further comprising removing the auxiliary electrode from the secondary battery cell.

26. The replenished secondary battery cell prepared by the method of claim 25 .

27. The replenished secondary battery cell prepared by the method of claim 24 .