Membrane electrode assembly for fuel cell, and fuel cell system including the same

1. A membrane-electrode assembly of a fuel cell, comprising;

a cathode comprising,

a first catalyst layer comprising first catalyst particles, and

a second catalyst layer comprising second catalyst particles and a pore-forming agent that remains in the second catalyst layer, wherein the second catalyst layer comprises first pores having an average diameter ranging from 20 to 50 nm, and second pores having an average diameter ranging from 1.4 to 3.0 μm, and wherein the pore-forming agent comprises a carbon material that has a diameter ranging from 30 to 300 nm, and a length ranging from 1 to 30 μm;

an anode;

and a polymer electrolyte membrane between the anode and the cathode.

2. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst layer contacts the polymer electrolyte membrane, and the second catalyst layer contacts the first catalyst layer.

3. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein a thickness ratio of the first catalyst layer, relative to the second catalyst layer, ranges from 0.15 to 0.5.

4. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst layer has a thickness ranging from 15 to 25 μm.

5. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a thickness ranging from 50 to 100 μm.

6. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a specific BET surface area of 1.70 m 2 /g, or more.

7. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a porosity ranging from 0.010 to 0.060 cm 3 /g, due to the first pores.

8. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a porosity ranging from 0.23 to 0.29 cm 3 /g, due to the second pores.

9. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the pore-forming agent is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanowires, and a combination thereof.

10. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the pore-forming agent is present in an amount of 1 to 20 weight %, based on the total weight of the second catalyst layer.

11. A fuel cell system comprising:

at least one membrane-electrode assembly comprising,

a cathode comprising,

a first catalyst layer comprising first catalyst particles, and

a second catalyst layer comprising second catalyst particles and a pore-forming agent that remains in the second catalyst layer, wherein the second catalyst layer comprises first pores having an average diameter ranging from 20 to 50 nm, and second pores having an average diameter ranging from 1.4 to 3.0 μm, and wherein the pore-forming agent comprises a carbon material that has a diameter ranging from 30 to 300 nm, and a length ranging from 1 to 30 μm,

an anode, and

a polymer electrolyte membrane between the anode and the cathode;

a fuel supplier that supplies the at least one membrane-electrode assembly with a fuel;

and

an oxidant supplier that supplies the at least one membrane-electrode assembly with an oxidant.

12. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the fuel cell system is a direct oxidation fuel cell system.

13. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the first catalyst layer contacts the polymer electrolyte membrane, and the second catalyst layer contacts the first catalyst layer.

14. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 11 , wherein a thickness ratio of the first catalyst layer, relative to the second catalyst layer, ranges from 0.15 to 0.5.

15. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the first catalyst layer has a thickness ranging from 15 to 25 μm.

16. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a thickness ranging from 50 to 100 μm.

17. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a specific BET surface area of 1.70 m 2 /g or more.

18. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a porosity ranging from 0.010 to 0.060 cm 3 /g, due to the first pores.

19. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a porosity ranging from 0.23 to 0.29 cm 3 /g, due to the second pores.

20. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the pore-forming agent is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanowires, and a combination thereof.

21. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the pore-forming agent is present in an amount of 1 to 20 weight %, based on the total weight of the second catalyst layer.

22. The membrane-electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst particles and the second catalyst particles comprise the same material.

23. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the first catalyst particles and the second catalyst particles comprise the same material.

24. A membrane-electrode assembly of a fuel cell, comprising;

a polymer electrolyte membrane;

a cathode disposed on a first side of the polymer electrolyte membrane, comprising,

a first catalyst layer in contact with the first side of the membrane, comprising first catalyst particles, and

a second catalyst layer in contact with the first catalyst layer, comprising second catalyst particles, a carbon pore-forming material, first pores having an average diameter ranging from 20 to 50 nm, and second pores having an average diameter ranging from 1.4 to 3.0 μm, wherein the carbon pore-forming material comprises a carbon material that has a diameter ranging from 30 to 300 nm, and a length ranging from 1 to 30 μm; and

an anode on a second side of the polymer electrolyte membrane.

25. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 24 , wherein the second catalyst layer has a first porosity ranging from 0.010 to 0.060 cm 3 /g, due to the first pores, and a second porosity ranging from 0.23 to 0.29 cm 3 /g, due to the second pores.