Processes for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons
A process for converting gaseous alkanes to olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid is then reacted over a suitable catalyst at a temperature sufficient to form olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof and hydrobromic acid vapor. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process, and to selectively form monobrominated alkanes in the bromination step.
1. A process comprising:
contacting bromine with gaseous alkanes at a methane to bromine molar ratio of at least about 2.5:1 to form bromination products comprising alkyl bromides; and
reacting said alkyl bromides with C 2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst to convert at least a portion of dibrominated alkanes and tribrominated alkanes present in said alkyl bromides to monobrominated alkanes.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said methane to bromine molar ratio is at least about 4:1.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein said methane to bromine molar ratio is at least about 6:1.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein said C 2+ hydrocarbons are ethane, propane, butane, pentane or mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of Group VIII metals, Group VIB metals, Group IB metals, aluminum, zinc, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, and mixtures thereof.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the catalyst is a Group VIII metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and mixtures thereof.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein said Group VIII metal is platinum.
8. The process of claim 5 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms more than one thermally reversible bromide salt and is selected from the group consisting of iron, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, vanadium, chromium and mixtures thereof.
9. The process of claim 5 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms single bromide salts and is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, silver, zinc, magnesium, calcium, titanium, aluminum and mixtures thereof.
10. The process of claim 5 wherein said catalyst is dispersed on a support.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein said support is silica.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein said gaseous alkanes contain at least 90 mol % methane.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein said C 2+ hydrocarbons are removed from said gaseous alkanes prior to said step of contacting.
14. The process comprising:
removing C 2+ alkanes from lower molecular weight alkanes to obtain a feed gas comprising as least about 90 mol % methane;
reacting said feed gas with bromine at a methane to bromine molar ratio of at least about 2.5:1 to form bromination products comprising alkyl bromides; and
reacting said alkyl bromides with C 2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst to convert at least a portion of dibrominated alkanes and tribrominated alkanes present in said alkyl bromides to monobrominated alkanes.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein said C 2+ hydrocarbons that are reacted with said alkyl bromides are at least a portion of the C 2+ alkanes removed from said lower molecular weight alkanes.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein said methane to bromine molar ration is at least about 4:1.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein said methane to bromine molar ration is at least about 6:1.
18. The process of claim 14 wherein said C 2+ hydrocarbons are ethane, propane, butane, pentane or mixtures thereof.
19. The process of claim 14 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of Group VIII metals, Group VIB metals, Group IB metals, aluminum, zinc, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, and mixtures thereof.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein the catalyst is a Group VIII metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and mixtures thereof.
21. The process of claim 20 wherein said Group VIII metal is platinum.
22. The process of claim 19 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms more than one thermally reversible bromide salt and is selected from the group consisting of iron, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, vanadium, chromium and mixtures thereof.
23. The process of claim 19 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms single bromide salts and is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, silver, zinc, magnesium, calcium, titanium, aluminum and mixtures thereof.
24. The process of claim 19 wherein said catalyst is dispersed on a support.
25. The process of claim 24 wherein said support is silica.
26. A process comprising:
reacting bromine with gaseous alkanes in a first reactor and at a residence time of less than about 5 seconds to form bromination products comprising alkyl bromides; and
reacting said alkyl bromides with C 2+ hydrocarbons in a second reactor and in the presence of a catalyst to convert at least a portion of dibrominated alkanes and tribrominated alkanes present in said alkyl bromides to monobrominated alkanes.
27. The process of claim 26 wherein said gaseous alkanes comprise at least 90 mol % methane.
28. The process of claim 27 wherein said bromine and said gaseous alkanes are reacted in said first reactor at a methane to bromine molar ratio of at least about 2.5:1.
29. The process of claim 28 wherein said residence time in said second reactor is less that about 5 seconds.
30. The process of claim 28 wherein said methane to bromine molar ratio is at least about 4:1.
31. The process of claim 28 wherein said methane to bromine molar ratio is at least about 6:1.
32. The process of claim 26 wherein said C 2+ hydrocarbons are ethane, propane, butane, pentane or mixtures thereof.
33. The process of claim 26 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of Group VIII metals, Group VIB metals, Group IB metals, aluminum, zinc, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, and mixtures thereof.
34. The process of claim 33 wherein the catalyst is a Group VIII metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and mixtures thereof.
35. The process of claim 34 wherein said Group VIII metal is platinum.
36. The process of claim 33 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms more than one thermally reversible bromide salt and is selected from the group consisting of iron, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, vanadium, chromium and mixtures thereof.
37. The process of claim 33 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms single bromide salts and is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, silver, zinc, magnesium, calcium, titanium, aluminum and mixtures thereof.
38. The process of claim 33 wherein said catalyst is dispersed on a support.
39. A process comprising:
removing lower molecular weight alkanes comprising at least 90 mol % methane from a hydrocarbon product;
contacting said lower molecular weight alkanes with bromine at a methane to bromine molar ratio of at least about 2.5:1 to form bromination products comprising alkyl bromides;
reacting said alkyl bromides with C 2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of a first catalyst to convert at least a portion of dibrominated alkanes and tribrominated alkanes present in said alkyl bromides to monobrominated alkanes; and
reacting said alkyl bromides after reaction with said C 2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of a second catalyst to form said hydrocarbon product.
40. The process of claim 39 further comprising;
removing said C 2+ hydrocarbons from said hydrocarbon product after said lower molecular alkanes are removed from said hydrocarbon product.
41. The process of claim 40 wherein C 2+ hydrocarbons that are removed from said hydrocarbon product are conveyed to said step of reacting with said alkyl bromides.
42. The process of claim 39 wherein said methane to bromine molar ratio is at least about 4:1.
43. The process of claim 39 wherein said methane to bromine molar ratio is at least about 6:1.
44. The process of claim 39 wherein said C 2+ hydrocarbons are ethane, propane, butane, pentane or mixtures thereof.
45. The process of claim 39 wherein said first catalyst is selected from the group consisting of Group VIII metals, Group VIB metals, Group IB metals, aluminum, zinc, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, and mixtures thereof.
46. The process of claim 45 wherein the first catalyst is a Group VIII metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and mixtures thereof.
47. The process of claim 46 wherein said Group VIII metal is platinum.
48. The process of claim 45 wherein said first catalyst is a metal which forms more than one thermally reversible bromide salt and is selected from the group consisting of iron, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, vanadium, chromium and mixtures thereof.
49. The process of claim 45 wherein said catalyst is a metal which forms single bromide salts and is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, silver, zinc, magnesium, calcium, titanium, aluminum and mixtures thereof.
50. The process of claim 45 wherein said first catalyst is dispersed on a support.
51. The process of claim 39 wherein said second catalyst is a crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst.
52. The process of claim 1 wherein said bromination products further comprise less than about 30 mol % of hydrobromic acid.
53. The process of claim 14 wherein said bromination products further comprise less than about 30 mol % of hydrobromic acid.
54. The process of claim 26 wherein said bromination products further comprise less than about 30 mol % of hydrobromic acid.
55. The process of claim 39 wherein said bromination products further comprise less than about 30 mol % of hydrobromic acid.
56. The process of claim 1 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from natural gas, coal-bed methane, regasified liquefied natural gas, gas derived from gas hydrates and/or chlathrates, gas derived from anerobic decomposition of organic matter or biomass, gas derived in the processing of tar sands, synthetically produced natural gas or alkanes, or mixtures of these sources.
57. The process of claim 1 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from synthetically produced alkanes.
58. The process of claim 1 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from synthetically produced natural gas.
59. The process of claim 1 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from gas derived in the processing of tar sands.
60. The process of claim 26 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from natural gas, coal-bed methane, regasified liquefied natural gas, gas derived from gas hydrates and/or chlathrates, gas derived from anerobic decomposition of organic matter or biomass, gas derived in the processing of tar sands, synthetically produced natural gas or alkanes, or mixtures of these sources.
61. The process of claim 26 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from synthetically produced alkanes.
62. The process of claim 26 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from synthetically produced natural gas.
63. The process of claim 26 wherein said gaseous alkanes are sourced from gas derived in the processing of tar sands.