Liquid crystal display with orthogonal orientation and method of manufacturing the same

1. A liquid crystal display comprising:

a pair of substrates facing each other with a predetermined gap therebetween;

a liquid crystal in said gap, the liquid crystal including liquid crystal molecules;

an orientation layer, comprising at least one layer, carried on at least one of said substrates and which orients said liquid crystal molecules; and

an electrode carried on at least one of said substrates and effective to impart a voltage to said liquid crystal,

wherein,

said orientation layer includes a base layer which comprises a principal surface with a plurality of grooves in parallel, and a coating film covering said principal surface,

said coating film configured to orient an axis of each of said liquid crystal molecules parallel to at least one of said substrates in the condition where no voltage is impressed on said principal surface,

said grooves each extend along a predetermined direction, and are arrayed repeatedly at a given pitch and depth along a direction which is orthogonal to said predetermined direction,

a portion of said base layer along said orthogonal direction has a recess-and-protuberance structure in which recessed parts each corresponding to the bottom of each said groove and protuberant parts each corresponding to the boundary of the adjacent grooves appear alternately and repeatedly, and

the width of said protuberant part is smaller than the width of said recessed part.

2. The liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the width of said protuberant part is set to be smaller than the width of said recessed part to such an extent that the flatness of a top surface of said protuberant part is lost.

3. The liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 2 , wherein said protuberant part is made to lose completely the flatness of the top surface thereof to be inverted V-shaped in cross section, whereas said recessed part is U-shaped in cross section while retaining flatness of a bottom surface thereof.

4. The liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the depth of said grooves to the array pitch of said grooves is less than 1.

5. The liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said principal surface of said base layer is divided into a plurality of regions, and said predetermined direction of said grooves given to one region and that given to the adjacent region differ from each other.

6. A liquid crystal display comprising:

a pair of substrates facing each other with a predetermined gap therebetween;

a liquid crystal in said gap, the liquid crystal including liquid crystal molecules;

an orientation layer, comprising at least one layer, carried on at least one of said substrates and which orients said liquid crystal molecules; and

an electrode carried on at least one of said substrates and effective to impart a voltage to said liquid crystal,

wherein,

said orientation layer includes a base layer which comprises a principal surface with a plurality of grooves in parallel, and a coating film covering said principal surface,

said coating film configured to orient an axis of each of said liquid crystal molecules parallel to at least one substrate in the condition where no voltage is impressed on said principal surface,

said grooves each extend along a predetermined direction, and are arrayed repeatedly at a given pitch and depth along a direction which is orthogonal to said predetermined direction,

a portion of said base layer along said orthogonal direction has a recess-and-protuberance structure in which recessed parts each corresponding to the bottom of each said groove and protuberant parts each corresponding to the boundary of the adjacent grooves appear alternately and repeatedly, and

the width of said protuberant part is set to be smaller than the width of said recessed part.

7. A liquid crystal display comprising:

a pair of substrates facing each other with a predetermined gap therebetween;

a liquid crystal in said gap, the liquid crystal including liquid crystal molecules;

an orientation layer comprising at least one layer carried on at least one of said substrates and which orients said liquid crystal molecules; and

an electrode carried on at least one of said substrates and effective to impart a voltage to said liquid crystal,

wherein,

said orientation layer includes a base layer with a plurality of grooves in parallel, and a coating film covering said grooves,

said grooves each extend along a predetermined direction, and are arrayed repeatedly at a given pitch and depth along a direction which is orthogonal to said predetermined direction,

said coating film configured to orient an axis of each of said liquid crystal molecules parallel to said substrates in the condition where no voltage is impressed, and

the aspect ratio indicative of the ratio of the depth of said grooves to the array pitch of said grooves is in the range between a lower limit of 0.05 and an upper limit of 0.5.

8. The liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 7 , wherein said grooves are have an array pitch in the range of 1 to 5 μm and a groove depth in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 μm, and said molecular major axes of said liquid crystal are horizontally oriented in said orthogonal direction with respect to said grooves.

9. A liquid crystal display comprising:

a pair of substrates facing each other with a predetermined gap therebetween;

a liquid crystal in said gap, the liquid crystal including liquid crystal molecules;

an orientation layer comprising at least one layer carried on at least one of said substrates and which orients molecules of said liquid crystal; and

an electrode carried on at least one of said substrates and effective to impart a voltage to said liquid crystal,

wherein,

said orientation layer includes a base layer with a plurality of grooves in parallel, and a coating film covering said grooves,

said grooves each extend along a predetermined direction, and are arrayed repeatedly at a given pitch and depth along a direction which is orthogonal to said predetermined direction,

said coating film configured to orient an axis of each of said liquid crystal molecules parallel to said substrates in the condition where no voltage is impressed,

the aspect ratio indicative of the ratio of the depth of said grooves to the array pitch of said grooves has a lower limit and an upper limit,

said axes of each of said liquid crystal molecules are horizontally oriented in said predetermined direction when said aspect ratio is above said upper limit,

said axes of each of said liquid crystal molecules are horizontally oriented in said orthogonal direction with respect to said grooves when said aspect ratio is in the range of from said lower limit to said upper limit, and

said plurality of grooves are formed in said base layer so that said aspect ratio fall within the range of from said lower limit to said upper limit.

10. The method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 9 , wherein said plurality of grooves are formed in said base layer so that said aspect ratio fall within the range between a lower limit of 0.05 and an upper limit of 0.5.

11. The method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 9 , wherein said grooves are formed to have an array pitch in the range of 1 to 5 μm and a groove depth in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 μm so that said molecular major axes of said liquid crystal are horizontally oriented in said orthogonal direction with respect to said grooves.