High throughput nucleic acid sequencing by expansion

1. A method for sequencing a target nucleic acid, comprising:

a) providing a daughter strand produced by a template-directed synthesis, the daughter strand comprising a plurality of subunits coupled in a sequence corresponding to a contiguous nucleotide sequence of all or a portion of the target nucleic acid, wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of oligomer or monomer substrate constructs, wherein the individual subunits of the daughter strand comprise a tether, at least one probe or nucleobase residue, and at least one selectively cleavable bond, and wherein the tether, upon cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, permits lengthening of the subunits of the daughter strand;

b) cleaving the at least one secletively caeavable bond to yield an Xpandomer of a length longer than the plurality of the subunits of daughter strand, the Xpandomer comprising the tethers and reporter elements for parsing genetic information in a sequence corresponding to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of all or a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

c) detecting the reporter elements of the Xpandomer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reporter elements for parsing the genetic information are associated with the tethers of the Xpandomer.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reporter elements for parsing genetic information are associated with the daughter strand prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reporter elements for parsing genetic information are associated with the Xpandomer after cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer further comprises all or a portion of the at least one probe or nucleobase residue.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the reporter elements for parsing the genetic information are or are associated with the at least one probe or nucleobase residue.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one selectively cleavable bond is a covalent bond.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one selectively cleavable bond is an intra-tether bond.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one selectively cleavable bond is a bond between or within probes or nucleobase residues of the daughter strand.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one selectively cleavable bond is a bond between the probes or nucleobase residues of the daughter strand and a target template.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises The following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three; and

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

P 1′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 1 is complementary;

P 2′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 2 is complementary;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three; and

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of oligomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond; and

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

P 1′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 1 is complementary;

P 2′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 2 is complementary;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of oligomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε represents a first linker group;

δ represents a second linker group; and

“----” represents a cleavable intra-tether crosslink.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

P 1′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 1 is complementary;

P 2′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 2 is complementary;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of oligomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε represents a first linker group;

δ represents a second linker group; and

“----” represents a cleavable intra-tether crosslink.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

P 1′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 1 is complementary;

P 2′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 2 is complementary;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of oligomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε represents a first linker group; and

δ represents a second linker group.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

P 1′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 1 is complementary;

P 2′ represents a contiguous nucleotide sequence of at least one nucleotide residue of the template strand to which P 2 is complementary;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than three;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

25. The method of claim 23 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of oligomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

P 1 represents a first probe moiety;

P 2 represents a second probe moiety;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε represents a first linker group; and

δ represents a second linker group.

26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

N′ represents a nucleotide residue of the template strand to which N is complementary;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of monomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε represents a first linker group;

δ represents a second linker group; and

“----” represents a cleavable intra-tether crosslink.

29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

N′ represents a nucleotide residue of the template strand to which N is complementary;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

31. The method of claim 29 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of monomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

ε represents a first linker group;

δ represents a second linker group; and

“----” represents a cleavable intra-tether crosslink.

32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, comprises a template-daughter strand duplex having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

N′ represents a nucleotide residue of the template strand to which N is complementary;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid; and

χ represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit.

34. The method of claim 32 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of monomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε represents a first linker group;

δ represents a second linker group; and

“----” represents a cleavable intra-tether crosslink.

35. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid;

χ 1 represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit; and

χ 2 represents an inter-tether bond.

36. The method of claim 35 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, is duplexed with a template strand to yield a duplex daughter strand having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

N′ represents a nucleotide residue of the template strand to which N is complementary;

˜ represents the at least one selectively cleavable bond;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten;

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid;

χ 1 represents a bond with the tether of an adjacent subunit; and

χ 2 represents an inter-tether bond.

37. The method of claim 35 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of monomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand;

ε 1 and ε 2 represent the same or different first linker groups;

δ 1 and δ 2 represent the same or different second linker groups; and

“----” represents a cleavable intra-tether crosslink.

38. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Xpandomer comprises the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

n 1 and n 2 represents a first portion and a second portion, respectively, of a nucleobase residue;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten; and

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species comprises sequence information of the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid.

39. The method of claim 38 , wherein the daughter strand, prior to cleavage of the at least one selectively cleavable bond, is duplexed with a template strand to yield a duplex daughter strand having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

N′ represents a nucleotide residue of the template strand to which N is complementary;

V represents an internal cleavage site of the nucleobase residue;

κ represents the κ th subunit in a chain of m subunits, where m is an integer greater than ten; and

α represents a species of a subunit motif selected from a library of subunit motifs, wherein each of the species is complementary to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target nucleic acid.

40. The method of claim 38 , wherein the daughter strand is formed from a plurality of monomer substrate constructs having the following structure:

wherein

T represents the tether;

N represents a nucleobase residue;

V represents an internal cleavage site of the nucleobase residue; and

R 1 and R 2 represent the same or different end groups for the template directed synthesis of the daughter strand.