Vegetable Protein Adhesive Compostions
Vegetable protein-based adhesive compositions and methods for preparing them are provided. The adhesives are prepared by copolymerizing hydrolyzed vegetable protein that has been functionalized with methylol groups and one or more co-monomers also having methylol functional groups. Preferred hydrolyzed vegetable proteins include hydrolyzed soy protein obtained from soy meal.
1 . An adhesive, the adhesive comprising:
a copolymer of a denatured vegetable protein functionalized with additional methylol groups wherein the vegetable protein comprises soy protein; and
at least one co-monomer selected from the group consisting of dimethylol phenol, dimethylol urea, tetramethylol ketone, and trimethylol melamine.
2 . The adhesive of claim 1 , wherein the soy protein comprises hydrolyzed soy protein.
3 . The adhesive of claim 1 , wherein the soy protein is derived from a soymeal having a protein content of from 40 wt. % to 50 wt. % and an oil content of less than 11 wt. %.
4 . A composite board comprising the adhesive of claim 1 .
5 . A method of preparing an adhesive, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a denatured vegetable protein wherein the vegetable protein comprises soy protein;
functionalizing the denatured vegetable protein with a plurality of methylol groups, thereby yielding a methylolated vegetable protein;
providing a co-monomer having a plurality of methylol groups;
preparing a solution comprising the methylolated vegetable protein and the co-monomer;
maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby the methylolated vegetable protein and the co-monomer polymerize; and
recovering an adhesive, the adhesive comprising the polymerization product of the methylolated vegetable protein and the co-monomer.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of providing a denatured vegetable protein comprises a step of providing a hydrolyzed soy protein.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the step of providing a hydrolyzed vegetable protein comprises the steps of:
providing a plurality of soybeans, the soybeans comprising a soy protein;
processing the soybeans into soymeal; and
hydrolyzing the soy protein.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the step of processing the soybeans into soymeal comprises:
subjecting the soybeans to a process selected from the group consisting of solvent extraction, extrusion, and expansion/expelling; and
recovering a soymeal.
9 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of providing a denatured vegetable protein comprises the steps of:
forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein; and
maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, thereby producing a denatured vegetable protein.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein comprises forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein and a phase transfer catalyst.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the phase transfer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene glycol, a quaternary ammonium compound, and tris(dioxa-3,6-heptyl)amine.
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein comprises forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein and an antioxidant.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of tertiary butylhydroquinone and butylated hydroxyanisone.
14 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein comprises forming an aqueous, alkaline solution of the vegetable protein and urea.
15 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of functionalizing the denatured vegetable protein with a plurality of methylol groups, thereby yielding a methylolated vegetable protein comprises the reacting the denatured vegetable protein with formaldehyde in a basic solution at elevated temperature, thereby yielding a methylolated soy protein.
16 . The method of claim 5 , the step of providing a co-monomer having a plurality of methylol groups comprising the steps of:
providing a compound selected from the group consisting of phenol, urea, acetone, and melamine; and
reacting the compound with formaldehyde in a basic solution at elevated temperature, thereby yielding a co-monomer having a plurality of methylol groups.
17 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of functionalizing the denatured vegetable protein with a plurality of methylol groups and the step of providing a co-monomer having a plurality of methylol groups are conducted in a single reaction mixture.
18 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby the methylolated vegetable protein and the co-monomer polymerize further comprises maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby a methylol group of the vegetable protein and a methylol group of the co-monomer undergo a condensation reaction such that a water molecule is liberated and a reactive ether linkage is formed, the ether linkage reacting such that a formaldehyde group is liberated and a methylene bridge is formed.
19 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby the methylolated vegetable protein and the co-monomer polymerize further comprises maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby a hydroxyl group of the vegetable protein and a methylol group of the co-monomer undergo a condensation reaction such that a water molecule is liberated and a reactive ether linkage is formed, the ether linkage reacting such that a formaldehyde group is liberated and a methylene bridge is formed.
20 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby the methylolated vegetable protein and the co-monomer polymerize further comprises maintaining the solution at an elevated temperature, whereby an amine group of the vegetable protein and a methylol group of the co-monomer undergo a condensation reaction such that a water molecule is liberated and a methylene bridge is formed.
21 . The method of claim 5 , further comprising the step of:
providing a solid substance;
mixing the solid substance with the solution; and
recovering a composite.
22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the composite comprises a fiber board.
23 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the solid substance comprises an agricultural material.
24 . The method of claim 23 , wherein the agricultural material is selected from the group consisting of corn stalk fiber, poplar fiber, wood chips, and straw.