Catalytic conversion of ethanol to a 1-butanol-containing reaction product using a thermally decomposed hydrotalcite catalyst

1. A process for making a 1-butanol-containing product, said process comprising:

contacting a reactant comprising ethanol with a catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure sufficient to produce said product, wherein said catalyst is derived from a hydrotalcite of the formula:

(M 2+ 1−x M 3+ x (OH) 2 )(A n− x/n ). y H 2 O

wherein

M 2+ is divalent Mg, or a combination of divalent Mg and at least one divalent member selected from the group consisting of Zn, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, and Cu;

M 3+ is trivalent Al, or a combination of trivalent Al and at least one trivalent member selected from the group consisting of Fe and Cr;

x is 0.66 to 0.1;

A n− is CO 3 2− with n=2 or OH − with n=1; and

y is 0 to 4;

wherein the hydrotalcite catalyst is partially decomposed.

2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the decomposition is achieved by heating for a time and at a temperature sufficient to cause a diminution in the hydrotalcite powder X-ray diffraction pattern peak intensities between 2θ angles of 10 degrees and 70 degrees using CuKα radiation.

3. The process of claim 1 , wherein M 2+ is divalent Mg.

4. The process of claim 1 , wherein M 3+ is trivalent Al.

5. The process of claim 1 , wherein A n− is CO 3 2− .

6. The process of claim 1 , wherein A n− is OH − .

7. The process of claim 1 , wherein M 2+ is Mg 2+ ; M 3+ is Al 3+ ; A n− is OH − ; n is 1; x is 0.247; and y is 0.5.

8. The process of claim 1 , wherein M 2+ is Mg 2+ ; M 3+ is Al 3+ ; A n− is CO 3 2− ; n is 2; x is 0.25; and y is 0.5.

9. The process of claim 1 , wherein said reaction temperature is from about 200° C. to about 500° C., and said pressure is from about 0.1 MPa to about 20.7 MPa.

10. The process for making the 1-butanol-containing product of claim 1 , said process comprising:

contacting a reactant comprising ethanol with a catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure sufficient to produce said product, wherein said catalyst is made by a method comprising:

a) dissolving a soluble (i) sodium or potassium carbonate or sodium or potassium bicarbonate, or (ii) sodium, potassium or ammonium hydroxide, or (iii) a mixture of (i) and (ii), in water to form a first solution and heating the first solution to between 60° C. and 70° C.;

b) adjusting the pH of the first solution with hydroxide to a pH of approximately 10;

c) adding to the first solution (i) at least one magnesium salt and optionally salts of one or more divalent metals selected from the group consisting of Zn, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, and Cu; and (ii) at least one aluminum salt and optionally salts of one or more trivalent metals selected from Fe or Cr, wherein (a) said salts are in one or more aqueous solutions, and (b) the magnesium and optional divalent metals of (i) and the aluminum and optional trivalent metals of (ii) are in a molar ratio between 0.5/1 and 9/1 inclusive, thereby forming a suspension whose pH is maintained at approximately 10;

d) optionally stirring the suspension and maintaining the suspension at a temperature between 60° C. and 70° C.;

e) aging the suspension of step (c) or step (d) to form a precipitate and separating the precipitate from the suspension; and

f) partially decomposing the precipitate by heating it for a time and at a temperature sufficient to cause a diminution in hydrotalcite powder X-ray diffraction pattern peak intensities between 2θ angles of 10 degrees and 70 degrees using CuKα radiation, thereby forming said catalyst.