ACTIVE MATERIAL, ELECTRODE, AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF
An active material having a good cycle performance is produced by bringing a metal-fluoro complex-containing aqueous solution into contact with particles of a first metal oxide so as to form, on surfaces of the first metal oxide particles, particles of a second metal oxide that is an oxide of the metal in the metal-fluoro complex. The active material is composed of particles of the first metal oxide and particles of the second metal oxide which coat the first metal oxide particles and have an average diameter of 50 nm or less. The second metal oxide particles have an adhesive force to the first metal oxide particles of at least 0.1 μN.
1 . A method of manufacturing an active material, comprising the step of bringing a metal-fluoro complex-containing aqueous solution into contact with particles of a first metal oxide so as to form, on surfaces of the first metal oxide particles, particles of a second metal oxide that is an oxide of the metal in the metal-fluoro complex.
2 . The method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 1 , wherein the metal-fluoro complex is at least one selected from the group consisting of hexafluorozirconic acid and salts thereof, hexafluorosilicic acid and salts thereof, hexafluorotitanic acid and salts thereof, tin fluoride, indium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc fluoride and aluminum fluoride.
3 . The method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 1 , wherein the metal-fluoro complex-containing aqueous solution further includes a scavenger which chemically captures fluoride ions from the metal-fluoro complex.
4 . The method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 3 , wherein the scavenger is boric acid or aluminum.
5 . The method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide is a lithium-containing metal oxide.
6 . The method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 5 , wherein the first metal oxide is LiMn 2-x Al x O 4 (where 0≦x<2), LiCo x Ni y Mn 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1), LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1) or Li 4 Ti 5 O 2 .
7 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution, when forming the particles [of the second metal oxide], has a pH of from 5 to 12.
8 . The method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 1 , further comprising a step of heat-treating, at from 500 to 900° C., the particles of the first metal oxide on which the particles of the second metal oxide have been formed.
9 . A method of manufacturing an electrode, comprising the step of bringing a metal-fluoro complex-containing aqueous solution into contact with an electrode having an active material layer which includes particles of a first metal oxide, a conductive additive and a binder so as to form, on surfaces of the first metal oxide particles, particles of a second metal oxide that is an oxide of the metal in the metal-fluoro complex.
10 . The method of manufacturing an electrode according to claim 9 , wherein the metal-fluoro complex is at least one selected from the group consisting of hexafluorozirconic acid and salts thereof, hexafluorosilicic acid and salts thereof, hexafluorotitanic acid and salts thereof, tin fluoride, indium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc fluoride and aluminum fluoride.
11 . The method of manufacturing an electrode according to claim 9 , wherein the metal-fluoro complex-containing aqueous solution further includes a scavenger which chemically captures fluoride ions from the metal-fluoro complex.
12 . The method of manufacturing an electrode according to claim 11 , wherein the scavenger is boric acid or aluminum.
13 . The method of manufacturing an electrode according to claim 9 , wherein the first metal oxide is a lithium-containing metal oxide.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the first metal oxide is LiMn 2-x Al x O 4 (where 0≦x<2), LiCo x Ni y Mn 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1), LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<,y<1) or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .
15 . The method according to claim 9 , wherein the aqueous solution when forming the particles of the second metal oxide has a pH of from 5 to 12.
16 . An active material, comprising:
particles of a first metal oxide; and
particles of a second metal oxide, which coat the first metal oxide particle,
wherein the second metal oxide particles have an adhesive force to the first metal oxide particles of at least 0.1 μN.
17 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the second metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide.
18 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the second metal oxide is tetragonal or monoclinic zirconium oxide.
19 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the first metal oxide is a lithium-containing metal oxide.
20 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the first metal oxide is LiMn 2-x Al x O 4 (where 0≦x<2), LiCo x Ni y Mn 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1), LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1) or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .
21 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the second metal oxide particles form a layer having a thickness of from 1 to 200 nm on surfaces of the first metal oxide particles.
22 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the particles of the second metal oxide have a weight ratio, based on the combined weight of the particles of the first metal oxide and the particles of the second metal oxide, of from 0.01 wt % to 1.5 wt %.
23 . The active material according to claim 16 , wherein the particles of the second metal oxide includes single-crystal particles.
24 . An electrode comprising the active material according to claim 16 .
25 . An active material comprising:
particles of a first metal oxide; and
particles of a second metal oxide which coat the particles of the first metal oxide, wherein the particles of the second metal oxide contain fluorine and/or boron.
26 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the second metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide.
27 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the second metal oxide is tetragonal or monoclinic zirconium oxide.
28 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the first metal oxide is a lithium-containing metal oxide.
29 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the first metal oxide is LiMn 2-x Al x O 4 (where 0≦x<2), LiCo x Ni y Mn 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1), LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (where 0<x,y<1) or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .
30 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the second metal oxide particles form a layer having a thickness of from 1 to 200 nm on surfaces of the first metal oxide particles.
31 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the particles of the second metal oxide have a weight ratio, based on the combined weight of the particles of the first metal oxide and the particles of the second metal oxide, of from 0.01 wt % to 1.5 wt %.
32 . The active material according to claim 25 , wherein the particles of the second metal oxide includes single-crystal particles.
33 . An electrode comprising the active material according to claim 25 .