Anisotropic magnetic flakes
The invention relates to anisotropic, reflective, magnetic flakes. In a liquid carrier and under influence of an external magnetic field, the flakes attract to one another side-by-side and form ribbons which provide higher reflectivity to a coating and may be used as a security feature for authentication of an object.
1. An anisotropic magnetic flake, for forming a reflective coating, comprising a two-dimensional layered structure having a thickness in a range of 50 nm to 10 microns and a longest planar dimension in a range of 1 micron to 500 microns, the two-dimensional layered structure comprising:
a continuous magnetic layer, absent of a grating, for aligning the anisotropic magnetic flake substantially parallel to a surface of the reflective coating when the anisotropic magnetic flake is disposed in a liquid carrier and under influence of an external magnetic field,
the continuous magnetic layer having a first surface and an opposing second surface; and
a first reflector layer disposed on the first surface and a second reflector layer disposed on the second surface, such that the continuous magnetic layer is contained therebetween,
wherein the continuous magnetic layer comprises a magnetic material having a coercivity of less than about 2000 Oe and has a structure that provides in-plane magnetic anisotropy oriented in a direction that is at an angle of at least 20 degrees relative to the longest planar dimension,
wherein the direction of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy is substantially orthogonal to two substantially parallel sides, of the two-dimensional layered structure, for alignment of the anisotropic magnetic flake side-by-side with one or more other anisotropic magnetic flakes of a same structure, and
wherein a gap between the anisotropic magnetic flake and an anisotropic magnetic flake, of the one or more other anisotropic magnetic flakes, is no greater than 500 nm.
2. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein
the alignment occurs when the anisotropic magnetic flakes are disposed in the liquid carrier and under influence of an external magnetic field while forming the reflective coating.
3. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional layered structure has a rectangular shape with equal or unequal sides.
4. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , further comprising:
first and second dielectric layers supported by the first and second reflector layers, respectively, and first and second absorber layers supported by the first and second dielectric layers, respectively, for providing a color-shifting optical effect.
5. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein
the one or more other anisotropic magnetic flakes include a plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes,
a coating includes the anisotropic magnetic flake, the plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes, and a solidified carrier,
all flakes, of the anisotropic magnetic flake and the plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes, have a same two-dimensional shape with two sides thereof substantially parallel to each other, and
a portion of the anisotropic magnetic flake and the plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes forms a ribbon of at least three anisotropic magnetic flakes adjacent to one another so as to be side-by-side with a each respective gap between each respective anisotropic magnetic flakes, of the anisotropic magnetic flake and the plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes, being no greater than 500 nm.
6. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 5 , wherein each respective gap is no greater than 4 micron, thereby forming a tile array of anisotropic magnetic flakes.
7. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 5 , wherein
the coating is present on an object, and
the object is authenticated by identifying a ribbon within the coating.
8. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 5 , wherein 70% of the plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes in the coating have an indicium thereon.
9. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein the first and second reflector layers have a reflectivity of greater than 60%.
10. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein the anisotropic magnetic flake includes an indicium.
11. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 10 , wherein the indicium is symmetrical with respect to the direction of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy.
12. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein a dielectric layer is disposed between the continuous magnetic layer and the first reflector layer.
13. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic material is a soft magnet.
14. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 1 , wherein the anisotropic magnetic flake is manufactured by:
providing a substrate for supporting a releasable coating, which includes the continuous magnetic layer comprising the magnetic material;
embossing or etching the substrate with a plurality of frames having a shape corresponding to the two-dimensional layered structure with the two substantially parallel sides substantially orthogonal to a first direction before or after the releasable coating is applied to the substrate;
coating the substrate with the releasable coating so as to provide the continuous magnetic layer having a magnetic anisotropy in the first direction,
wherein the releasable coating, upon removal from the substrate, breaks apart into a plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes; and
removing the releasable coating from the substrate and breaking the coating into the plurality of anisotropic magnetic flakes.
15. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is moving in the first direction during the coating.
16. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is curved.
17. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is coated by using at least two sources of the magnetic material that provide the magnetic material to a same portion of the substrate at different angles.
18. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 17 , wherein the at least two sources of the magnetic material provide the magnetic material to the same portion of the substrate simultaneously.
19. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 17 , wherein the at least two sources of the magnetic material provide the magnetic material to the same portion of the substrate at different times.
20. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is coated by moving the substrate in the first direction and using two sources of magnetic material disposed so that a line connecting the two sources is substantially orthogonal to the first direction.
21. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is coated by moving the substrate in the first direction and using two sources of magnetic material disposed so that a line connecting the two sources is substantially parallel to the first direction.
22. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is coated by annealing the magnetic material in a magnetic field.
23. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is coated by Xe-ion-irradiation of the magnetic material.
24. The anisotropic magnetic flake of claim 14 , wherein the embossing or etching includes embossing or etching the substrate with an indicium.