Low-emissivity window films and coatings incorporating nanoscale wire grids
A high-transparency, low-emissivity window film or coating is designed to maximize so-called greenhouse heating. This effect is achieved through the use of conductive grids and/or gratings whose width and spacing has been selected such that the grid appears as a uniform conductive film to long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation. The conductive grid film reflects the blackbody radiation strongly, and such that the grid appears highly transparent to visible and near-infrared light, and therefore transmits it.
1. A device for reducing an emissivity of a window to long-wavelength infrared light comprising
a film of conductive material formed in a pattern as an arrangement of thin conductive material elements and void areas, wherein
the thin conductive material elements are spaced apart a distance such that the conductive material is highly reflective to long-wavelength infrared light and highly transmissive to visible and near-infrared light, and
energy efficiency and an effective insulation value of the window are increased, an effective thermal conductivity of the window is reduced, and transmissivity to visible and near-infrared radiation is maximized.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the pattern comprises a grid.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the pattern comprises a grating.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the grating is further configured to function as a polarizer.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the grating is further configured to function as a liquid crystal alignment layer.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the film comprises a coating on a surface of a pane of glass in the window.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the thin conductive material elements are 1 nanometer or greater in width.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the distance between the thin conductive material elements is less than about 20 microns and greater than about 0.1 microns.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive material comprises a metal or metal oxide wire mesh.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the thin conductive material segments comprise pseudo-randomly scattered wire segments.
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein
the thin conductive material elements further comprise strips of conducting oxides; and
the pattern comprises an arrangement of the strips in alternating layers to form a dielectric mirror.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the distance between the thin material elements is nonuniform.
13. The device of claim 1 further comprising a layer of dielectric material overcoating the conductive material, wherein the thin layer of dielectric material is transparent to each of visible, infrared, and long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation.
14. The device of claim 1 further comprising
a thin layer of dielectric material overcoating the conductive material, wherein
the dielectric material is normally opaque to long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation; and
a thickness of the thin layer is significantly less than an extinction distance of the long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation in the dielectric material.
15. The device of claim 3 further comprising
a second film of the conductive material, wherein
the pattern of the second film comprises a second grating; and
the two gratings are perpendicularly aligned.
16. The device of claim 15 further comprising
a depolarizer positioned between the two films of the conductive material, wherein
the two gratings polarize visible, near-infrared, and long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation, and
the depolarizer rotates a polarization vector of the visible and near-infrared radiation without affecting the polarization of the long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation.
17. A low emissivity window comprising
a pane of glass; and
a film of a conductive material formed in a pattern as an arrangement of thin conductive material elements and void areas, wherein
the thin conductive material elements are spaced apart a distance such that the conductive material is highly reflective to long-wavelength infrared light and highly transmissive to visible and near-infrared light, and
energy efficiency and an effective insulation value of the window are increased, an effective thermal conductivity of the window is reduced, and transmissivity to visible and near-infrared radiation is maximized.
18. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the pattern comprises a grid.
19. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the pattern comprises a grating.
20. The low emissivity window of claim 19 , wherein the grating is further configured to function as a polarizer.
21. The low emissivity window of claim 19 , wherein the grating is further configured to function as a liquid crystal alignment layer.
22. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the film comprises a coating on a surface of the pane of glass in the window.
23. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the thin conductive material elements are 1 nanometer or greater in width.
24. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the distance between the thin conductive material elements is less than about 20 microns and greater than about 0.1 microns.
25. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the conductive material comprises a metal or metal oxide wire mesh.
26. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the thin conductive material elements comprise pseudo-randomly scattered wire segments.
27. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein
the thin conductive material elements further comprise strips of conducting oxides; and
the pattern comprises an arrangement of the strips in alternating layers to form a dielectric mirror.
28. The low emissivity window of claim 17 , wherein the distance between the thin conductive material elements is nonuniform.
29. The low emissivity window of claim 1 further comprising a layer of dielectric material overcoating the conductive material, wherein the thin layer of dielectric material is transparent to each of visible, infrared, and long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation.
30. The low emissivity window of claim 17 further comprising
a thin layer of dielectric material overcoating the conductive material, wherein
the dielectric material is normally opaque to long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation; and
a thickness of the thin layer is significantly less than an extinction distance of the long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation in the dielectric material.
31. The low emissivity window of claim 19 further comprising
a second film of the conductive material, wherein
the pattern of the second film comprises a second grating; and
the two gratings are perpendicularly aligned.
32. The low emissivity window of claim 31 further comprising
a depolarizer positioned between the two films of the conductive material, wherein
the two gratings polarize visible, near-infrared, and long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation, and
the depolarizer rotates a polarization vector of the visible and near-infrared radiation without affecting the polarization of the long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation.
33. A low emissivity window comprising
a pane of glass; and
a grid of nanoscale conductive wires supported on the pane of glass, wherein
the nanoscale conductive wires are spaced apart a distance such that the grid is highly reflective to long-wavelength infrared light and highly transmissive to visible and near-infrared light, and
enemy efficiency and an effective insulation value of the window are increased, an effective thermal conductivity of the window is reduced, and transmissivity of the window to visible and near-infrared radiation is maximized.
34. The low emissivity window of claim 33 further comprising
a thin layer of dielectric material overcoating the nanoscale conductive wires, wherein
the dielectric material is normally opaque to long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation; and
a thickness of the thin layer is significantly less than an extinction distance of the long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation in the dielectric material.